Textura (música)

Textura musical é a forma pela qual os materiais melódicos, rítmicos e harmônicos se combinam em uma composição, determinando assim a qualidade sonora global de uma peça. Frequentemente a textura é definida pelo número de vozes que intervêm na peça musical (entendendo-se como vozes as diversas linhas melódicas simultâneas, sejam propriamente vocais ou instrumentais) e pela forma como essas diversas vozes se relacionam .[1][2]:31-35 [3]

A textura de uma peça também pode ser descrita por termos tais como pesado ou leve, ríspido ou suave. Por exemplo, diz-se que as obras mais populares de Aaron Copland têm uma textura aberta. A textura percebida de uma obra pode ser afetada pelo caráter e pelo número de partes que são executadas em conjunto, assim como pelo timbre dos instrumentos ou vozes que executam essas partes e também pela harmonia, pelo andamento e pelo ritmo.

Tipos de textura mais comuns

  • Monofônica - uma única melodia que pode ser executada por um ou mais músicos ao mesmo tempo.
  • Polifônica - Duas ou mais linhas melódicas, que são, em certa medida, independentes.
  • Homofônica - Textura composta por diversas vozes, sendo que uma delas, a melodia, destaca-se das demais, que formam um acompanhamento harmônico de fundo. Se todas as partes têm o mesmo ou quase o mesmo ritmo, então a textura homofônica pode ser descrita como homorrítmica.
  • Heterofônica - Textura musical em que há vozes de diferentes caráteres, movendo-se em ritmos contrastantes.

Embora certos estilos ou repertórios sejam frequentemente identificados com um desses tipos (por exemplo, o canto gregoriano é classificado como monofônico, enquanto os corais de Bach, de quatro partes ou vozes, são descritos como homofônicos, e as fugas como polifônicas), muitos compositores usam mais de um tipo de textura na mesma peça. Pode ocorrer simultaneidade, quando duas ou mais texturas musicais completas ocorrem ao mesmo tempo e não em sucessão sucessivamente.

Um tipo de textura mais recente, usado por György Ligeti é a micropolifonia. Outras texturas incluem: homorrítmica, politemática, polirrítmica, onomatopeica, além das texturas compostas ou mistas.[2]:34

Referências

  1. ↑ Copland, Aaron: What to Listen for in Music. Penguin, 2011, pp. 62-67.
  2. ↑ a b Corozine, Vince: Arranging Music for the Real World. Mel Bay, 2011
  3. ↑ Benward, Bruce & Saker, Marilyn: Music in Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill, 2003, vol. 1 pp. 131-137.

Bibliografia

  • Corozine, Vince (2002). Arranging Music for the Real World: Classical and Commercial Aspects. ISBN 0-7866-4961-5.
  • Copland, Aaron. What to Listen for in Music. Signet Classic, an imprint of New American Library, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, NY.
  • Hanning, Barbara Russano, Concise History of Western Music, baseada em Grout, Donald Jay & Palisca, Claudia V. A History of Western Music, Fifth Edition. W W Norton & Company, New York, Copyright 1998. ISBN 0-393-97168-6.
  • Hyer, Brian: 'Homophony', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy <http://www.grovemusic.com>
  • Frobenius, Wolf: 'Polyphony', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy <http://www.grovemusic.com>
  • 'Monophony', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy <http://www.grovemusic.com>

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