Substância P

Pertence à família das taquicininas (TAC1). Fórmula molecular: C63H98N18O13S. Peso molar: 1347.63 g/mol

Substância P (SP) é um Neuromodulador neuropeptídeo composto por uma cadeia de 11 resíduos de aminoácidos que atua como neuromodulador. A substância P facilita processos inflamatórios, vômito, ansiedade e nocicepção (resposta a dor). Pode ser encontrado tanto no sistema nervoso central quanto no periférico. [1]

Produção

A SP é secretada pelos nervos sensitivos específicos e células com função inflamatória como macrófagos, eosinófilos, linfócitos e células dendríticas e atua ligando-se ao receptor da neuroquinina-1 (NK​​-1R).[2]

É degradado por endopeptidasas neutras (NEP).

Funções

Possui um grande número de funções, dependendo do receptor:

Glutamato

A substância P aumenta a atividade do glutamato no sistema nervoso central, sendo assim está associado com o desenvolvimento de edema cerebral e os défices funcionais após lesão cerebral traumática.

Patologias

Amebíase

Uma infecção por Entamoeba histolytica, causando um tipo de amebíase, gera sintomas de dor, diarreia e vômito porque esse protozoário libera Substância P, além de serotonina e neurotensina no intestino de seu hospedeiro.[8] Essa é uma das possíveis causas de Síndrome do intestino irritável.[9]

Fibromialgia

Quando a inervação dos terminais nervosos da substância P é danificado/ineficiente, as células pós-sinápticas compensam a perda aumentando a sensibilidade dos receptores pós-sinápticos. Essa condição, conhecida como hipersensibilidade por denervação, resulta em uma excessiva sensibilidade a dor e assim pode ser uma das causas da fibromialgia.

Em ratos, ausência de SP está associada a uma resposta diminuída a dor.[9]

Diabetes

Previne a diabetes em ratos, mas em humanos tem o efeito contrário, diminuindo a produção de insulina, aumentando a quantidade de glicose no sangue.

Asma

Existe correlação entre hipersensibilidade a substância P e com reações alérgicas.

Referências

  1. ↑ Mantyh PW. Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562137
  2. ↑ O'Connor TM, O'Connell J, O'Brien DI, Goode T, Bredin CP, Shanahan F. The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15334652
  3. ↑ Zubrzycka M, Janecka A (December 2000). "Substance P: transmitter of nociception (Minireview)". Endocrine regulations 34 (4): 195–201. PMID 11137976.
  4. ↑ Reid TW, Murphy CJ, Iwahashi CK, Foster BA, Mannis MJ (August 1993). "Stimulation of epithelial cell growth by the neuropeptide substance P". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 52 (4): 476–85. doi:10.1002/jcb.240520411. PMID 7693729
  5. ↑ Park SW, Yan YP, Satriotomo I, Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ (September 2007). "Substance P is a promoter of adult neural progenitor cell proliferation under normal and ischemic conditions". Journal of neurosurgery 107 (3): 593–9. doi:10.3171/JNS-07/09/0593. PMID 17886560.
  6. ↑ Bonham AC (September 1995). "Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing". Respiration physiology 101 (3): 219–30. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(95)00045-F. PMID 8606995.
  7. ↑ Bossaller C, Reither K, Hehlert-Friedrich C, Auch-Schwelk W, Graf K, Gräfe M, Fleck E (October 1992). "In vivo measurement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation with substance P in man". Herz 17 (5): 284–90. PMID 1282120.
  8. ↑ McGowan K, Guerina V, Wicks J, Donowitz M (1985). "Secretory hormones of Entamoeba histolytica". Ciba Found. Symp. 112: 139–54. PMID 2861068.
  9. ↑ a b Stark D, van Hal S, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (2007). "Irritable bowel syndrome: a review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis". Int. J. Parasitol. 37 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.009. PMID 17070814.

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