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Sturmabteilung

Sturmabteilung
Outros nomes Camisas Marrons
(Braunhemden)
Datas das operações 1921–1945
Líder(es) Adolf Hitler (Oberster SA-Führer)
Ernst Röhm (Stabschef)
Fundação 5 de agosto de 1921
Motivos Proteção
Intimidação
Área de atividade  República de Weimar
 Alemanha Nazista
Ideologia Nazismo
Espectro político Extrema-direita
Principais ações Noite dos Cristais
Status Ilegal desde 8 de maio de 1945
Parte de Partido Nazista
Tamanho 4 200 000 (1933)
Inimigos Roter Frontkämpferbund
Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
Filiação Adolf Hitler
Militantes da SA durante uma reunião em Berlim.

Sturmabteilung, abreviada para SA (em alemão, "Destacamento Tempestade") e usualmente traduzida como "Tropas de Assalto" ou "Secções de Assalto", foi a milícia paramilitar durante o período em que o Nazismo exercia o poder na Alemanha. Seu líder era Ernst Röhm, capitão do exército e notório por seu senso de organização e sua capacidade de comando. Os membros das Sturmabteilungen também eram conhecidos como camisas-pardas, pela cor de seu uniforme (a cor parda provinha de fardamentos destinados a tropas alemãs que serviram na Tanzânia durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, e que nunca chegaram a ser entregues; após a guerra, foram adquiridas a preços módicos pelos nazistas, para vestir suas milícias).

A Sturmabteilung constituíram, em certo momento, uma das instituições mais ativas da vida pública da Alemanha, e um dos esteios do poder político de Adolf Hitler. Deve-se ressaltar que elas não funcionavam como um exército ou uma tropa organizada, sendo sua atividade muito mais a de baderneiros do que a de um exército. O próprio Hitler via a SA como uma tropa de pressão política, mas não como núcleo do "futuro exército do Reich" como desejava seu líder, Röhm. No momento em que deixaram de ser interessantes, constituindo algo não só fora de seu controle, mas abertamente contra determinadas ideias de Hitler, foram eliminadas. Também as intrigas nascidas da conduta homossexual de Röhm acabaram por derrubá-lo, no episódio conhecido como Noite das Facas Longas. A partir daí, as SS, sempre contrapostas às Sturmabteilungen, ocuparam o espaço de polícia política outrora destinado às SA.

Literatura

  • Allen, William Sheridan, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935 by (Quadrangle Books, 1965).
  • Bessel, Richard, Political Violence and The Rise of Nazism : The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany, 1925-1934, (Yale University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-300-03171-8).
  • Campbell, Bruce, The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism, (University Press of Kentucky, 1998, ISBN 0-8131-2047-0).
  • Evans, Richard, The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Group, 2004.
  • Evans, Richard, The Third Reich in Power. Penguin Group, 2005.
  • Halcomb, Jill, The SA: A Historical Perspective, (Crown/Agincourt Publishers, 1985, ISBN 0-934870-13-6).
  • Hatch, Nicolas H. (trans. and ed.), The Brown Battalions: Hitler's SA in Words and Pictures (Turner, 2000, ISBN 1-56311-595-6).
  • Kershaw, Ian, Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris. W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
  • Littlejohn, David, The Sturmabteilung: Hitler’s Stormtroopers 1921 – 1945. Osprey Publishing, London, 1990
  • Fischer, Conan, Stormtroopers: A Social, Economic, and Ideological Analysis, 1929-35, (Allen & Unwin, 1983, ISBN 0-04-943028-9).
  • Fuller, James David, Collectors Guide to SA Insignia, (Matthäus Publishers, Postal Instant Press, 1985, ISBN 0-931065-04-6).
  • Maracin, Paul, The Night of the Long Knives: 48 Hours that Changed the History of the World. The Lyons Press, 2004.
  • Merkl, Peter H., The Making of a Stormtrooper, (Princeton University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-691-07620-0).

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