Spolia opima

Gravura de um "Spolia opima" pronto para ser dedicado no Templo de Júpiter Ferétrio.

Spolia opima ("espólios ricos") eram as armas, a armadura e outros pertences que um antigo general romano retirava do corpo de um comandante inimigo assassinado em combate corpo a corpo. Era considerada o mais honrado entre os diversos troféus de guerra que um comandante poderia obter, que incluía estandartes e proas de navios.

História

Uma das duas estátuas conhecidas como "Troféus de Mário", encontradas no Ninfeu de Alexandre, em Roma, e atualmente localizadas no alto da Cordonata do Capitólio.

Durante a maior parte da história de Roma, os romanos reconheceram apenas três circunstâncias nas quais o "spolia prima" foram conquistados. O precedente foi criado ainda no período lendário da história, quando, em 752 a.C., Rômulo derrotou Acro, o rei de Caenina, logo depois do "Rapto das Sabinas".[1] Na segunda, Aulo Cornélio Cosso conseguiu sua "spolia opima" de Lars Tolúmnio, rei dos veios, durante a Batalha de Fidenas, em 437 a.C.. A terceira vez, para a qual os registros históricos são melhores, ocorreu antes da Segunda Guerra Púnica, quando Marco Cláudio Marcelo, cônsul em 222 a.C., conseguiu vencer o guerreiro celta Viridomaro, rei dos gesetas.[2] Um registro subsequente alega que o filho adotivo de Augusto, Nero Cláudio Druso, teria enfrentando diversos chefes germânicos (pelo menos três) durante a conquista da Germânia e derrotou-os todos em "espetaculares exemplos de combate singular" (entre 12 e 9 a.C.).[3]

A cerimônia do "spolia opima" era um ritual da religião romana que supostamente emulava as cerimônias arcaicas realizadas pelo próprio Rômulo. O vitorioso pregava a armadura capturada no tronco de um carvalho, carregava ele próprio o aparato em procissão até o Capitólio e dedicava tudo no Templo de Júpiter Ferétrio.[4]

Política imperial

Nos primeiros anos da ascensão de Augusto, que ainda era conhecido como Otaviano, Marco Licínio Crasso, derrotou um líder inimigo em combate corpo a corpo na Macedônia e estava em posição de reivindicar a honra do "spolia opima".[5] Este Crasso era neto do triúnviro Crasso, morto na desastrosa Batalha de Carras em 53 a.C.. Sua ilustre linhagem política poderia fazer dele um rival para Otaviano, que bloqueou a concessão da homenagem. Crasso pode ter sido o último romano fora da família imperial a receber a honra de celebrar um triunfo.[6]

Referências

  1. ↑ Lívio, Ab Urbe Condita I, 10
  2. ↑ J.W. Rich, "Drusus and the Spolia Opima," Classical Quarterly 49.2 (1999), p. 545.
  3. ↑ Lindsay Powell , "Eager for Glory," biography p. 94-95.
  4. ↑ Rich, "Drusus and the Spolia Opima," p. 545.
  5. ↑ Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, p. 308
  6. ↑ Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy ( (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 273–274
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