O rio Gâmbia é um dos principais rios da África, percorrendo 1 130 km desde o planalto de Futa Jalom no centro da Guiné, África Ocidental, seguindo na direção oeste até atingir o Oceano Atlântico perto da cidade de Banjul. Cerca da metade de seu comprimento é navegável.
O rio é em grande parte conhecido devido o seu nome ser o mesmo da Gâmbia, país cujo território consiste de um pouco mais da metade inferior do curso do rio e de suas duas margens.
A partir de Futa Jalom, o rio corre na direção noroeste pela província Tambacounda no Senegal, onde ele corta o Parc National du Niokolo Koba e recebe seus afluentes, o rio Nieri Ko e o rio Koulountou antes de entrar na Gâmbia por Fatoto. A partir deste ponto o rio corre, quase que exclusivamente, no sentido oeste, mas num curso cheio de meandros com a formação de um grande número lagos e lagoas, e a cerca de 100 km de sua foz ele gradualmente se alarga, chegando a atingir mais de 10 km de largura na região de encontro com o mar (13° 28' N 16° 34' O).
Próximo de sua foz, perto de Juffure, fica a Ilha James, que serviu como base para o comércio de escravos, desde o século XV até à independência da Gâmbia, e que é agora um elemento classificado como Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO.
De acordo com o romance de Alex Haley, Roots (1976), o rio Gâmbia forneceu uma das pistas que o ajudaram a traçar a história de família estado-unidense de volta à África. As palavras "Kamby Bolongo" foram uma das poucas palavras que sua família tinha passado de geração à geração; ele descobriu que bolongo era o "movimento das águas" ou "rio" no idioma Mandinka, desta forma ele concluiu que a frase provavelmente se referia ao rio Gâmbia. Sua teoria foi confirmada quando ele viajou para Juffure, na Gâmbia, na margem norte do rio, e encontrou o que a História oral de sua família dizia. O idioma Mandinka não tem o fonema /g/, assim o rio é então pronunciado "Kambiya" ao invés de "Gâmbia".
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