Revolução Filipina

Revolução Filipina

Himagsikang Pilipino


No sentido horário da parte superior esquerda: soldados espanhóis sobreviventes em Barcelona após o cerco de Baler;; o Congresso de Malolos; monumento representando a batalha de Imus; os negociadores filipinos para o Pacto de Biak-na-Bato; soldados filipinos durante o durante o fim da revolução.
Data 1896–1898[1]
Local Filipinas
Desfecho Vitória filipina
Beligerantes
Primeira República das Filipinas República das Filipinas
República de Biak-na-Bato
Katipunan  Estados Unidos (1898)
Espanha Reino de Espanha
Comandantes
Andrés Bonifacio

Primeira República das Filipinas Emilio Aguinaldo
Ladislao Diwa
Gregoria de Jesús
Emilio Jacinto
Teodoro Plata Executado
Deodato Arellano
Valentín Díaz
José Dizon
Baldomero Aguinaldo
Artemio Ricarte
Arcadio Maxilom

Estados Unidos George Dewey
Estados Unidos Wesley Merritt
Espanha Maria Christina
Espanha Ramón Blanco
Espanha Camilo de Polavieja
Espanha Fernando Primo de Rivera
Espanha Basilio Augustín
Espanha José Olaguer Feliú
EspanhaErnesto de Aguirre 
Espanha Bernardo Echaluce
Espanha José de Lachambre
Espanha Fermin Jáudenes
Espanha Diego de los Ríos
Espanha Leopoldo García Peña
Forças
40.000-60.000 (1896) revolucionários filipinos 12.700-17.700 antes da Revolução, em torno de 55.000 (30.000 espanhóis; 25.000 legalistas filipinos) em 1898

Revolução Filipina (18961898) foi um conflito militar entre populares das Filipinas e as autoridades coloniais espanholas, que resultou na secessão das ilhas Filipinas do Império Espanhol.

A Revolução Filipina começou em agosto de 1896, com a descoberta da organização secreta anti-colonial Katipunan pelas autoridades espanholas. O Katipunan, liderado por Andrés Bonifacio, era uma mistura de movimento secessionista e governo paralelo que havia se espalhado pela maior parte das ilhas, cuja meta era a independência da Espanha através da revolta armada. Numa reunião popular em Caloocan, os líderes do Katipunan se organizaram num governo revolucionário, e declararam abertamente a revolução armada por toda a nação. Bonifacio convocou um ataque simultâneo coordenado à capital, Manila, que fracassou; porém as províncias vizinhas também se insurgiram, e especialmente os rebeldes de Cavite, liderados por Emilio Aguinaldo, conquistaram vitórias significantes. Uma disputa de poder entre os revolucionários levou à execução de Bonifacio em 1897, e a mudança do comando do movimento para Aguinaldo, que passou a liderar seu próprio governo revolucionário. Naquele mesmo ano uma trégua foi atingida, com o Pacto de Biak-na-Bato, e Aguinaldo foi exilado em Hong Kong; as hostilidades entre rebeldes e o governo espanhol, no entanto, nunca cessaram.[2][3]

Em 1898, com o início da Guerra Hispano-Americana, Aguinaldo se aliou extra-oficialmente com os Estados Unidos, retornando às Filipinas e reiniciando as hostilidades contra os espanhóis. Em junho os rebeldes já haviam conquistado todo o território do país, com a exceção de Manila. Aguinaldo declarou a independência da Espanha e proclamou a Primeira República Filipina. Nem a Espanha nem os próprios Estados Unidos, no entanto, reconheceram a independência do país; o domínio espanhol sobre as ilhas só terminou oficialmente com o Tratado de Paris daquele ano, no qual a Espanha cedia as Filipinas e outros territórios aos Estados Unidos. A Guerra Filipino-Americana eclodiu pouco tempo depois.

Referências

  1. If one includes the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars in the period called the "Philippine Revolution," then 1902 would be the end date of that period. To avoid duplication between the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War articles, this article treats the Philippine Revolution as having ended with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.
  2. Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). «Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution». National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2): 3–12 
  3. Guerrero 1998.

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