Religião tradicional manju

Ícone etno-religioso manju.

A religião tradicional manju é a religião étnica da maioria do povo manju, o maior dos povos tunguses, na China. Pode ser chamada também xamanismo manju dado que a palavra "xamã" sendo originária do tungus šamán ("homem de conhecimento"),[1] mais tarde aplicada pelos multíscios ocidentais a prácticas religosas similares noutras culturas.[2] É composta por um sistema panteísta, acreditando num Deus universal chamado Apka Enduri ("Deus dos Céus") o qual é fonte omnipresente de toda vida e criação.[3] As deidades (enduri) evocam cada aspecto da natureza e a adoração destes deuses é tida como beneficiosa para o crente, outorgando-lhe sorte, saúde e prosperidade.[4] Muitas das divindades eram no princípio antepassados dos manjus originais, sendo que as pessoas que com o mesmo apelido teriam sido engendradas pelo mesmo deus.[5]

Ritos religiosos

Os ritos religiosos tradicionais manjus foram padronizados pelo Imperador Qianlong (1736-96) no "Ritual Sacrificial Manju para os Deuses e o Céu" (Manjusai wecere metere kooli bithe), um manual publicado em manju em 1747 e em chinês (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli) em 1780.[5][6] Com a conquista do poder imperial na China (dinastia Qing) pelos manjus, estes paulatinamente adoptaram a língua chinesa e foram assimilados à religião tradicional Han. Porém, a religião tradicional manju mantem-se como uma características diferenciatória no conjunto mais amplo das religiões da China para o povo manju.

Templos e divindades

Os cultos religiosos manjus originalmente eram celebrado em santuários chamados tangse (em chinês: 堂子 tángzi, "salão"; or 谒庙 yèmiào, "templo visitatório")[7] mas pelo menos por 1673 todos os tangse comunais foram proibidos com a excepção do edifiício do culto imperial. As casas continuaram a fazer os seus rituais em altares privados chamados weceku.[8]

Os cultos populares gradualmente adoptaram deidades chineses ao panteão tungúsico. Guwan mafa (关帝 Guāndì, Divus Guan), cujo carácter marcial foi especialmente aos manjus, tornou-se numa das suas deidades mais queridas. Outro culto popular foi o da Deusa (娘娘 Niángniáng).[9]

Referências

  1. ↑ Elliott (2001), p. 235.
  2. ↑ «Definição ou significado de xamã no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2017 
  3. ↑ Shirokogorov (1929), p. 204.
  4. ↑ Elliott (2001), p. 236.
  5. ↑ a b Ma & Meng (2011), p. 381.
  6. ↑ Elliott (2001), p. 238.
  7. ↑ Elliott (2001), pp. 465–66, note 13.
  8. ↑ Elliott (2001), p. 239.
  9. ↑ Elliott (2001), p. 239

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