Pneuma (estoicismo)

No filosofia estoica, pneuma (πνεῦμα) é o conceito de "sopro de vida", uma mistura dos elementos ar e fogo.[1] Tendo origem nos autores médicos da Grécia Antiga, que localizavam o elemento de vitalidade dos seres humanos na respiração, pneuma, para os estoicos, é princípio activo e gerador que organiza quer o indivíduo e o cosmos.[2] Na sua forma mais elevada, pneuma constituí a alma humana (psychê), que é um fragmento da pneuma que é a alma divina (Zeus). Como uma força que estrutura a matéria, ela existe também em objectos inanimados.[3]

Referências

  1. ↑ "Stoicism," Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Taylor & Francis, 1998), p. 145.
  2. ↑ David Sedley, "Stoic Physics and Metaphysics," The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, p. 388.
  3. ↑ John Sellars, Stoicism (University of California Press, 2006), pp. 98-104.

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