Overhead

Overhead é um termo utilizado na área de ciência da computação para descrever o custo adicional, seja em termos de tempo, recursos ou complexidade, associado à execução de uma determinada operação, processo ou sistema. Esse custo adicional não está diretamente relacionado à funcionalidade principal da operação, mas sim às tarefas adicionais necessárias para executá-la. [1]

No contexto do escalonamento de threads e processos, o overhead se refere aos recursos adicionais que são consumidos para gerenciar a troca ou alternância entre as entidades de execução (sejam elas threads ou processos). Aqui estão algumas maneiras pelas quais o overhead pode se manifestar:

Context Switching

Quando ocorre a troca de execução entre diferentes threads ou processos, é necessário salvar e restaurar o contexto de execução de cada entidade. Isso inclui informações como registradores da CPU, ponteiros de instrução, status de flags e outros dados associados à execução da entidade. O custo de salvar e restaurar esses contextos é um exemplo de overhead.

Gerenciamento de Memória Compartilhada

No caso de threads que compartilham o mesmo espaço de memória (como mencionado na sua pergunta), há um overhead associado ao gerenciamento da memória compartilhada. Isso pode incluir sincronização de acesso a recursos compartilhados para evitar condições de corrida, bem como operações adicionais para garantir a consistência dos dados compartilhados.

Coordenação e Sincronização

Quando várias threads ou processos concorrem por recursos compartilhados, é necessário realizar operações de coordenação e sincronização para garantir que o acesso a esses recursos seja seguro e sem conflitos. Essas operações adicionais introduzem um overhead na execução do programa.

Escalonamento e Agendamento

O próprio ato de escalonar e agendar as threads ou processos para execução em um sistema operacional envolve custos adicionais, como avaliação de prioridades, decisões de escalonamento e alocação de recursos.

No contexto das linguagens de programação como C, onde não há suporte embutido para gerenciamento de memória compartilhada ou sincronização de threads, o overhead pode ser ainda mais pronunciado, já que o programador precisa implementar manualmente esses mecanismos de controle e coordenação. Isso pode levar a uma maior complexidade e potencial para erros de programação, especialmente em sistemas concorrentes ou paralelos.

Portanto, overhead é essencialmente o custo adicional associado a uma operação ou processo que não está diretamente relacionado à sua funcionalidade principal, mas sim às tarefas adicionais necessárias para executá-la de maneira eficiente e correta.

Referências

  1. ↑ https://maisretorno.com/portal/termos/o/overhead

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