Ouvido externo


Descrição

Ouvido externo

Orelha externa e média, abertas a partir da frente. Lado direito.

A aurícula. Superfície lateral.
Identificadores
Latim auris externa
Gray pág.1033
MeSH External+Ear
Dorlands/Elsevier Outer ear

A orelha externa é a porção exterior da orelha, que capta o som e o transmite por um canal à orelha média. A orelha externa é composta de duas partes: pavilhão auditivo, também conhecido como orelha e o meato acústico externo.[1] As partes que são vitais para o sentido auditivo, localizam-se alguns centímetros para dentro do esqueleto e da orelha. A orelha externa faz parte de três seções anatômicas ou partes distintas que incluem ainda a orelha média e a orelha interna.[2]

A Wikiversidade possui cursos relacionados a Ouvido externo.

Estrutura

A orelha externa é constituída pela orelha (pavilhão auricular) e pelo meato acústico externo (MAE) (parte cartilagínea e parte óssea). Possui um formato aproximado de corneta e apresenta ressonâncias que resultam em amplificação de determinadas frequências.[3]

A orelha é uma estrutura de cartilagem flexível, com 60 a 65 mm de altura por 25 a 35 mm de largura, formada pelas seguintes saliências e depressões: hélice, tubérculo da orelha, concha da orelha, antélice, fossa triangular, escafa, trago, incisura antitrágica, incisura intertrágica e lóbulo. A parte inferior, lóbulo, é desprovida de cartilagem, sendo constituída por tecido adiposo recoberto por pele.

O MAE, estruturalmente, é um tubo fechado em forma de “S”, apresenta, aproximadamente, 2,8 cm de comprimento em adultos e possui um terço lateral cartilagíneo e dois terços mediais ósseos, ambos revestidos por pele. [4]

Fisiologia

O pavilhão auricular funciona como um filtro e concentra a energia sonora para a entrada do meato acústico externo. A captação e a condução do som são feitas, principalmente, pelo pavilhão auricular, embora grande parte dos sons audíveis não possa ser refletida por esta estrutura, pois ela é menor que a maioria dos comprimentos de onda destes sons.

O pavilhão auricular com seus acidentes anatômicos, sobretudo a concha, melhora a recepção devido a ressonância. A amplificação acontece na frequência de 2,5 kHz, no meato acústico, e em 5 kHz, na concha. O aumento aproximado da intensidade pode chegar a 12 dB na frequência natural de vibração dessas estruturas. No MAE, que é fechado em uma das extremidades pela membrana timpânica, a amplificação sonora devido à ressonância, ocorre na frequência de 3,8 kHz.[4]

Malformações

As malformações da orelha externa são caracterizadas pela ausência ou deformidade do pavilhão auricular e, geralmente, estão associadas às malformações de orelha média, uma vez que possuem a mesma origem embriológica, arcos e sulcos branquiais.

A embriologia que justifica a malformação relaciona-se com o desenvolvimento do pavilhão auricular, o qual surge do primeiro e segundo arcos branquiais. Seu desenvolvimento é completado, aproximadamente, antes do terceiro mês de gestação. O MAE é derivado da primeira fenda branquial e se desenvolve por invaginação do ectoderma para dentro do tampão de tecido mesenquimal subjacente. Este processo é completado antes do sétimo mês de gestação.

Por razões desconhecidas, a orelha direita é a mais afetada quanto à presença de malformações, a deformidade unilateral é três vezes mais comum que a bilateral e é mais comum no sexo masculino. A perda auditiva condutiva é um dos achados clínicos mais comuns nos casos de malformações de orelha por levar a uma obstrução mecânica à condução do som.[5]

Referências

  1. Ferreira Bento, Ricardo (1998). Tratado de Otologia. São Paulo, SP: EdUSP. 482 páginas. ISBN 8531404274 
  2. Menezes Filho, Florivaldo (2004). A Acústica Musical em Palavras e Sons. São Paulo, SP: Atelie Editorial. 308 páginas. ISBN 8574802166 
  3. COUTO, Christiane Marques do; CARVALLO, Renata Mota Mamede. O efeito das orelhas externa e média nas emissões otoacústicas. Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol., São Paulo ,  v. 75, n. 1, p. 15-23, Feb.  2009 .   Available from<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-72992009000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso>. access on 04  Dec.  2019.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-72992009000100003.
  4. a b BONALDI, Lais Vieira. Estrutura e Função do Sistema Auditivo Periférico. In: BOÉCHAT, Edilene Marchini et al. Tratado de Audiologia. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2015. Cap. 1.
  5. ARENA, Luiz Fernando Garcia Lopes et al. Malformações das orelhas externa e média. Revista da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Sorocaba, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 24-25, abr. 2009. ISSN 1984-4840. Disponível em: <https://revistas.pucsp.br/RFCMS/article/view/1817>. Acesso em: 04 dez. 2019.


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