Operação Menu

Operação Menu
Guerra do Vietnã
Data 18 de março de 196926 de maio de 1970
Local Leste do Camboja
Desfecho Fracasso estratégico dos Estados Unidos
  • Falha em impedir que as forças norte-vietnamitas operassem no Camboja, apesar dos danos infligidos
Beligerantes
 Estados Unidos
Vietnã do Sul
Camboja República Khmer (1970 em diante)
Vietnã do Norte
Viet Cong
FUNK:
Vítimas: combatentes do Khmer Vermelho e civis cambojanos: 40.000-150.000 mortos[1][2][3] Este número refere-se à totalidade dos bombardeio estadunidenses do Camboja, e não apenas os bombardeios da Operação Menu em si. A população estimada das áreas-alvo para Operação Menu foi de mais de 4.000 civis cambojanos.

Vítimas vietnamitas: desconhecidos

Operação Menu foi o codinome de uma campanha de bombardeio secreto conduzida pelo Comando Aéreo Estratégico (SAC) dos Estados Unidos no leste do Camboja e Laos de 18 de março de 1969 até 26 de maio de 1970, durante a Guerra do Vietnã. Os alvos destes ataques eram santuários e bases militares do Exército do Povo do Vietnã (PAVN) e das forças do Viet Cong, as quais eram utilizadas para reabastecimento, treinamento e repouso entre as campanhas, na fronteira com a República do Vietnã (Vietnã do Sul). O impacto da campanha de bombardeio sobre os guerrilheiros do Khmer Vermelho, do PAVN e civis cambojanos nas áreas bombardeadas é contestado por historiadores.[4]

Um registro oficial dos Estados Unidos pela Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos sobre a atividade de bombardeio na Indochina entre 1964 e 1973 foi desclassificado pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton, em 2000. O relatório fornece detalhes sobre a extensão do bombardeio do Camboja, bem como do Laos e Vietnã. De acordo com os dados, a Força Aérea começou a bombardear as regiões rurais do Camboja ao longo de sua fronteira com o Vietnã do Sul em 1965, sob a administração de Lyndon B. Johnson; isso foi quatro anos antes do que se acreditava anteriormente.[4] Os bombardeios da Operação Menu foram uma escalada daquilo que havia sido previamente ataques aéreos táticos. O presidente recém-empossado Richard Nixon autorizou pela primeira vez o uso bombardeiros pesados B-52 de longo alcance para bombardear o Camboja.[4]

A Operação Freedom Deal seguiu a Operação Menu. Os bombardeios dos B-52 foi ampliado para uma área muito maior do Camboja e continuou até agosto de 1973.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L’Harmattan, 1995), pp41-8.
  2. Kiernan, Ben; Owen, Taylor. «Bombs over Cambodia» (PDF). The Walrus (October 2006): 62–69  "Previously, it was estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 Cambodian civilians were killed by the bombing. "Given the fivefold increase in tonnage revealed by the database, the number of casualties is surely higher."
  3. See also Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia," in Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; and Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, for an overview of Cambodian civil war estimates.
  4. a b c Fogo sobre o Camboja Arquivado em 15 de dezembro de 2014, no Wayback Machine. por Taylor Owen , Ben Kiernan - Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil

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