Oguzes

Os oguzes (em turco: Oğuz) formaram um dos principais ramos dos povos túrquicos (ou turcomanos), entre os séculos VIII e XI.[1] Quando da migração desses povos, ao longo dos séculos X, XI e XII, os oguzes estavam entre os oriundos da região do Mar Cáspio, que migraram em direção ao sul e ao oeste da Ásia ocidental e da Europa Oriental e não para o leste, em direção à Sibéria. Os oguzes são considerados como os ancestrais dos turcos modernos: azeris, turcos da Turquia, turcomenos, turcos qashqais do Irã, turcos do Coração e gagaúzes que, em conjunto, representam mais de 10 milhões de pessoas.

Historia

No século VIII, eles formaram uma confederação tribal conhecida como o Estado Oghuz Yabgu na Ásia Central. Atualmente, grande parte das populações da Turquia, Azerbaijão e Turcomenistão descende dos turcos Oghuz. Fontes bizantinas os chamavam de Uzes (Οὖζοι, Ouzoi). O termo "Oghuz" foi gradualmente substituído pelos termos "turcomano" e "turcomeno" (turco otomano: تركمن, romanizado: Türkmen ou Türkmân) a partir do século XIII.[2]

A confederação Oghuz migrou para o oeste da área de Jeti-su após um conflito com os aliados Karluk dos uigures. No século IX, os Oghuz das estepes do Aral expulsaram os pechenegues para o oeste, da região dos rios Emba e Ural. No século X, os Oghuz habitavam as estepes dos rios Sari-su, Turgai e Emba, ao norte do Lago Balkhash, na atual Cazaquistão.[3]

Eles adotaram o islamismo e adaptaram suas tradições e instituições ao mundo islâmico, emergindo como construtores de impérios com um forte senso de estado. No século XI, o clã Oghuz Seljuk entrou na Pérsia e fundou o Grande Império Seljuk. No mesmo século, um clã Oghuz Tengrista, também conhecido como Uzes ou Torks, derrubou a supremacia pechenegue na fronteira das estepes russas; aqueles que se estabeleceram na fronteira foram gradualmente eslavizados, formando a quase feudal principado de Black Hat, com sua própria aristocracia militar.[4] Outros, perseguidos pelos turcos Kipchak, cruzaram o Danúbio inferior e invadiram os Bálcãs, onde foram detidos por uma peste e se tornaram mercenários para as forças imperiais bizantinas (1065). Guerreiros Oghuz serviram em quase todos os exércitos islâmicos do Oriente Médio a partir dos anos 1000, e até na Espanha e Marrocos.[5]

No final do século XIII, após a queda dos Seljuks, a dinastia otomana gradualmente conquistou a Anatólia com um exército predominantemente Oghuz, superando outros estados turcos locais Oghuz.[6] Segundo a lenda, a genealogia do fundador Osman remonta a Oghuz Khagan, o lendário ancestral dos povos turcos, dando aos sultões otomanos primazia entre os monarcas turcos.[7] As dinastias dos Khwarazmianos, Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, Otomanos, Afsharids e Qajars também são consideradas descendentes das tribos Oghuz-Turcomanas de Begdili, Yiva, Bayandur, Kayi e Afshar, respectivamente.[8]

Referências

  1. «Oguzes». Encyclopædia Britannica Online (em inglês). Consultado em 13 de agosto de 2020 
  2. Lewis, G. (1974). The Book of Dede Korkut. [S.l.]: Penguin Books. p. 10 
  3. Grousset, R. (1991). The Empire of the Steppes. [S.l.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 148. 
  4. Nicolle, David; Angus Mcbride (1990). Attila and the Nomad Hordes. Osprey Publishing. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-85045-996-6. The Oghuz had a very distinctive culture. Their hunting and banqueting rituals were as elaborate as those of the Gökturks from whom they... ...like some Pechenegs and Torks, settled along Russia's steppe frontier after being forced out... Here an almost feudal 'Black Hat' principality grew up with its own military aristocracy being accepted by the Russian elite on equal terms...
  5. David; Angus Mcbride, Nicolle (1990). «Attila and the Nomad Hordes.». Osprey Publishing. The Oghuz had a very distinctive culture. Their hunting and banqueting rituals were as elaborate as those of the Gökturks from whom they... ...like some Pechenegs and Torks, settled along Russia's steppe frontier after being forced out... Here an almost feudal 'Black Hat' principality grew up with its own military aristocracy being accepted by the Russian elite on equal terms...: 46–47. ISBN 0-85045-996-6 
  6. Lewis, p. 9.
  7. Colin Imber, (2002), The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, p. 95
  8. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur; "The Genealogy of the Turkmens" (in Russian). Паровая тип. К.М. Федорова. 1897
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