Mínimo de Maunder

O mínimo de Maunder em uma história de 400 anos de observação de números de manchas solares.

O mínimo de Maunder é o nome utilizado para o período entre 1645 e 1715 por John A. Eddy em um documentário publicado em 1976 no periódico Science, nomeado como The Maunder Minimum,[1] quando manchas solares tornaram-se muito raras em observações do Sol no período. Eddy e astrônomos anteriores nomearam o período em homenagem a Edward W. Maunder, que estudara como as latitudes das manchas solares mudam com o tempo.[2]

Assim como o Mínimo de Dalton e o Mínimo de Spörer, o Mínimo de Maunder coincidiu com um período de temperaturas abaixo da média em toda a Europa.

Pequena Era Glacial

O Mínimo de Maunder coincidiu com o meio - e mais fria parte - da Pequena Era Glacial, durante a qual a Europa e América do Norte estavam sujeitas a invernos muito mais rigorosos que o normal. Uma conexão de causa-e-efeito entre baixa atividade de manchas solares e invernos rigorosos fora estabelecida usando dados da sonda Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment da NASA, que mostrou que a emissão em ultravioleta do Sol é mais variável ao longo do ciclo solar do que era previamente aceito, e um grupo de cientistas britânicos publicou um artigo no periódico "Nature Geoscience" que liga estas variações a impactos climáticos terrestres na forma de invernos mais brandos em alguns lugares e mais frios em outros.[3] O inverno de 1708 a 1709, coincidente com a contagem histórica mais baixa de manchas solares, o centro do Mínimo de Maunder, foi o inverno mais rigoroso já registrado. [4]

Referências

  1. ↑ Eddy, J.A., "The Maunder Minimum", Science 18 June 1976: Vol. 192. no. 4245, pp. 1189 - 1202, PDF Copy Arquivado em 16 de fevereiro de 2010, no Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ Who named the Maunder Minimum?
  3. ↑ Sarah Ineson, Adam A. Scaife, Jeff R. Knight, James C. Manners, Nick J. Dunstone, Lesley J. Gray & Joanna D. Haigh. «Solar forcing of winter climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere». Nature Geoscience. Consultado em 28 de dezembro de 2012 
  4. ↑ Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 15, Supplement, History of the Weather
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