Macrauchenia

Como ler uma infocaixa de taxonomiaMacrauchenia
Reconstrução de uma macrauquênia.
Reconstrução de uma macrauquênia.
Estado de conservação
Pré-histórica
Classificação científica
Reino: Animalia
Filo: Chordata
Classe: Mammalia
Ordem: Litopterna
Família: Macraucheniidae
Género: Macrauchenia
Owen, 1838
Distribuição geográfica

Espécies
Macrauchenia patagnica

Macrauchenia boliviensis
Macrauchenia ullomensis

A macrauquênia (Macrauchenia patachonica) foi a última espécie de animais da ordem dos litopternos, que existiu apenas na América do Sul. Viveu de 7.000.000 a.C. a cerca de 18.000 a.C.

A primeira descoberta de um fóssil desta espécie, na Patagônia Argentina, foi de autoria de Charles Darwin, durante sua histórica viagem a bordo do HMS Beagle em 1834. Darwin repassou o fóssil ao paleontólogo britânico Richard Owen,[1] que descreveu a espécie. Posteriormente foram encontrado ossos de macrauquênia no Brasil, Bolívia, Paraguai, Chile e Uruguai.

Eram herbívoros do tamanho de um camelo, com cabeça pequena, pés com três dedos (como os rinocerontes) e narinas entre os olhos, provavelmente ligadas a uma tromba, como a das antas, do tamanho de uma bota. Suas pernas dianteiras eram mais longas que as traseiras, como as das girafas, o que não é típico de animais muito velozes. Porém, também eram resistentes a tensões resultantes de mudanças de direção, o que indica que tinha boa esquiva e era capaz de escapar de predadores poderosos, mas menos ágeis, como o Smilodon. Também era, provavelmente, um bom nadador e ocupava um nicho ecológico similar ao das girafas, apesar do seu pescoço não ser tão longo. Pode ter evoluído de animais do gênero Promacrauchenia, que, para alguns autores, é considerado sinônimo de Macrauchenia.

Uma espécie relacionada, Macrauchenia boliviensis viveu na Bolívia durante o Plioceno.

Em 2017, pesquisadores da Universidade de Potsdam, na Alemanha, e do Museu Americano de História Natural, nos Estados Unidos, conseguiram pela primeira vez recuperar o DNA de uma macrauquênia descoberta em uma cova no sul do Chile. Utilizando uma técnica que possibilitou completar os segmentos genéticos danificados pelo passar do tempo, reconstruindo quase 80% do genoma mitocondrial da espécie, o estudo concluiu que os parentes atuais mais próximos das macrauquênias seriam os perissodáctilos, dos quais sua linhagem teria se separado há 66 milhões de anos.[2]

Referências

  1. Zero Hora (27 de junho de 2017). «Animal 'mais estranho já descoberto' de Darwin encontra uma família». Consultado em 28 de junho de 2017 
  2. UOL (27 de junho de 2017). «Animal que desconcertou Darwin encontra lugar na "árvore da vida"». Consultado em 28 de junho de 2017 

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