Lista de Swadesh

Lista de Swadesh é um vocabulário básico "teoricamente" comum a todos os idiomas, usada em glotocronologia por comparação quantitativa entre dois idiomas de um mesmo grupo linguístico para obter-se uma data aproximada da separação. Foi desenvolvida inicialmente pelo linguista norte-americano Morris Swadesh.

Versões

Muitas são as versões das listas de Swadesh. A primeira, que foi desenvolvida por seu criador, tinha 225 significados, reduzida para 165 palavras para as línguas indígenas norte-americanas Salish. Em 1952, publicou uma nova lista com 215 palavras, das quais retirou 16 por não serem universais ou terem significados discutíveis. Três anos mais tarde, criou outra lista, a “lexi(costatisti)cal test list" também com 215 significados, com 92 marcadas como mais favoráveis, às quais ainda acresceu 8 novas palavras. Essa forma final foi publicada em 1972, sendo testada repetidas vezes para ser utilizável universalmente sem ambiguidades.

Outras versões testadas de forma lexicostática foram publicadas por linguistas como Robert Lees (1953), John A. Rea (1958), Dell Hymes (1960), W.J Samarin (1967), D. Wilson (1969), Lionel Bender (1969), R.L. Oswald (1971), Winfred P. Lehmann (1984), D. Ringe (1992), Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin (1984), William S.Y. Wang (1994), M. Lohr (2000) – 18 línguas diferentes,. B. Kessler (2002), dentre outras.

A mais usada hoje em dia, em especial por sua facilidade de consulta (eletrônica) é a de I.Dyen (1992) – 200 palavras de 95 línguas.

Lista de Swadesh

Segue um exemplo da lista de Swadesh, comparando português e inglês.

Português Inglês
eu I
tu, você thou, you
ele he
nós we
vós, vocês ye, you
eles, elas they
este(a)(s), isto, isso this
aquele(a)(s), aquilo that
aqui here
lá, ali, aí there
quem who
(o) quê, (o) que what
onde where
quando when
como how
não not
tudo all
muito(a)(s) many
algum(a)(s) some
pouco(a)(s) few
outro(a)(s) other
um, uma one
dois, duas two
três three
quatro four
cinco five
grande(s) big
longo(a)(s) long
largo(a)(s), amplo(a)(s) wide
grosso(a)(s), espesso(a)(s) thick
pesado(a)(s) heavy
pequeno(a)(s) small
curto(a)(s) short
estreito(a)(s) narrow
magro(a)(s) thin
mulher woman
homem (homem adulto) man (adult male)
homem (ser humano) man (human being)
criança child
esposa wife
marido husband
mãe mother
pai father
animal animal
peixe fish
ave bird
cachorro, cão dog
piolho louse
serpente snake
verme worm
árvore tree
floresta forest
bastão, vara stick
fruta fruit
semente seed
folha leaf
raiz root
casca (das árvores) bark
flor flower
grama, relva grass
corda rope
pele skin
carne meat
sangue blood
osso bone
gordura fat
ovo egg
chifre, corno horn
cauda, rabo tail
pena, pluma feather
cabelo, pêlo hair
cabeça head
orelha ear
olho eye
nariz nose
boca mouth
dente tooth
língua tongue
unha fingernail
pé foot
perna leg
joelho knee
mão hand
asa wing
barriga, ventre belly
entranhas, tripas guts
pescoço, colo neck
costas, dorso back
peito, seio breast
coração heart
fígado liver
beber drink
comer eat
morder bite
sugar, chupar suck
cuspir spit
vomitar vomit
soprar blow
respirar breathe
rir, gargalhar laugh
ver see
ouvir hear
saber know
pensar think
cheirar smell
temer fear
dormir sleep
viver live
morrer die
matar kill
lutar fight
caçar hunt
bater hit
cortar cut
fender, rachar, dividir, quebrar split
esfaquear, apunhalar, espetar stab
raspar, arranhar scratch
cavar dig
nadar swim
voar fly
caminhar, andar walk
vir come
mentir lie
sentar sit
estar em/de pé, ficar em/de pé stand
virar, girar, rodar, tornar turn
cair fall
dar, entregar give
segurar hold
apertar, comprimir squeeze
esfregar, friccionar rub
lavar wash
enxugar wipe
puxar pull
empurrar push
jogar, arremessar, atirar throw
amarrar tie
costurar, coser sew
contar count
dizer say
cantar sing
jogar, brincar, tocar play
flutuar, boiar float
fluir flow
gelar, congelar, refrigerar freeze
intrumescer, inchar swell
sol sun
lua moon
estrela star
água water
chuva rain
rio river
lago lake
mar sea
sal salt
pedra stone
areia sand
poeira, pó dust
terra earth
nuvem cloud
neblina fog
céu sky
vento wind
neve snow
gelo ice
fumaça smoke
fogo fire
cinzas ashes
pirar, queimar, arder burn
rua street
montanha mountain
vermelho red
verde green
amarelo yellow
branco white
preto black
noite night
dia day
ano year
morno warm
frio cold
cheio full
novo new
velho old
bom good
mau bad
podre rotten
sujo dirty
reto straight
aredondado round
afiado sharp
cega (faca) dull
liso, suave smooth
molhado wet
seco dry
correto correct
perto near
longe far
direita right
esquerda left
em at
em in
com with
e and
se if
porque because
nome name

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