Línguas ienisseianas

Línguas ienisseianas
Distribuição
geográfica 		Região central do Rio Ienissei, Sibéria
Classificação linguística Dene-ienissei (proposta)
  • Ienisseiano
Subdivisões
  • Setentrional (Ket-Yugh)
  • Meridional (Arin-Kott)

A família linguística ienisseiana (às vezes chamada de ienisseico ou Ienissei - Ostyak;[1] ocasionalmente pronunciado com um -ss-) é um grupo de línguas relacionadas faladas na Sibéria Central.

Subdivisões

0. Proto-ienisseiano (anterior a 500 AC; tendo se dividido por volta de 1 DC)

1. Ramo setentrional (dividido por volta de 700 AD)
1.1. Ket (100-500 falantes)
1.1.1. Ket meridional
1.1.2. Ket central
1.1.3. Ket setentrional
1.2. Yugh † (2 ou 3 falantes não-fluentes em 1991)
2. Ramo meridional †
2.1. Kott-Assan (tendo se dividido por volta de 1200 DC)
2.1.1. Kott † (extinta na metade do século XIX)
2.1.2. Assan † (extinta por volta de 1800)
2.2. Arin-pumpokol (tendo se dividido por volta de 550 AD)
2.2.1. Arin † (extinta por volta de 1800)
2.2.2. Pumpokol † (extinta por volta de 1750)

Apenas duas línguas dessa família sobreviveram no decorrer do século XX, a língua ket (também conhecida como Imbat Ket), com aproximadamente 1,000 falantes e o yugh (também conhecido como Sym Ket), agora possivelmente extinto. Os outros membros dessa família, arin, assan, pumpokol, e kott, já haviam se extinguido há mais de um século. Outros grupos – buklin, baikot, yarin, yastin – eram identificadas como falantes do grupo ienisseiano nos registros dos cobradores de imposto sobre peles do Império tzarista durante o século XVII, mas nada dessas línguas sobreviveu exceto alguns nomes próprios. Consta em fontes chinesas que o grupo ienisseiano parece ter estado entre os povos que faziam parte da confederação tribal conhecida como Xiongnu,[2] que tem sido tradicionalmente considerados ancestrais dos hunos, mas tais sugestões são difíceis de se substanciar devido à obscuridade desses dados.[3]

Características

As línguas ienisseianas compartilham muitas similaridades como as línguas túrquicas faladas no sul da Sibéria, as línguas samoiédicas e o evenque, devido ao extenso contato com essas línguas. Tais características incluem harmonia nasal a longa distância, deafricação, e o uso de posposições ou encliticos gramaticais como cláusulas subordinadas.[4] Os clíticos do ienisseiano se aproximam muito dos sistemas de caso das famílias lingüísticas geograficamente próximas.

As línguas ienisseianas têm sido descritas como tendo mais de cinco tons ou nenhum tom. Os 'tons' são concomitantes com a glotalização, extensão vocal, e murmuro, não muito diferente da situação da reconstrução do antigo chinês, antes do desenvolvimento dos tons verdadeiros do chinês modernos. As línguas ienisseianas possuem uma morfologia verbal altamente elaborada, somente encontrada na Eurásia no burushaski e, em menor grau, nas línguas do Cáucaso. (todas essas línguas são ergativas.)

Morfologia

Pronomes pessoais

Pronomes pessoais nas línguas ienisseianas
1S 2S 3MS 3FS 1P 2P 3AP
Ket āˑ(t) ūˑ būˑ būˑ ɤ̄ˑt ~ ɤ́tn ɤ́kŋ būˑŋ
Yugh āt ū bū bū ɤ́tn kɤ́kŋ béìŋ
Dialetos do kott ai au uju ~ hatu uja ~ hata ajoŋ auoŋ ~ aoŋ uniaŋ ~ hatien
Assan aj au bari ? ajuŋ avun hatin
Arin ai au au ? aiŋ aŋ itaŋ
Pumpokol ad u adu ? adɨŋ ajaŋ ?

...a ser concluído.

Vocabulário

Numerais

Ket meridional Yugh Kott Assan Arin Pumpokol
1 qūˑs χūs huːtʃa hutʃa qusej xuta
2 ɯ̄ˑn ɯ̄n iːna ina kina hinɛaŋ
3 dɔˀŋ dɔˀŋ toːŋa taŋa tʲoŋa ~ tʲuːŋa dónga
4 sīˑk sīk tʃega ~ ʃeːga ʃega tʃaga ziang
5 qāˑk χāk kega ~ χeːga kega qala hejlaŋ
6 aˀ ~ à àː χelutʃa gejlutʃa ɨga aggɛaŋ
7 ɔˀŋ ɔˀŋ χelina gejlina ɨnʲa onʲaŋ
10 qɔ̄ˑ χɔ̄ haːga ~ haga xaha qau ~ hioga hajaŋ
20 ɛˀk ɛˀk iːntʰukŋ inkukn kinthjuŋ hédiang
100 kiˀ kiˀ ujaːx jus jus útamssa

Alguns exemplos etimológicos

A tabela seguinte exemplifica alguns itens do vocabulário básico e também das tentativas de reconstrução das proto-formas:[5]

Palavra Línguas e dialetos ienisseianos Reconstruções disponíveis
Ramo setentrional Ramo meridional
Dialetos ket Yugh Kott-assan Arin-pumpokol
SK NK CK Kott Assan Arin Pumpokol Vajda Starostin Werner
LARIX sɛˀs sɛˀs šɛˀš sɛˀs šet čet čit tag *čɛˀç *seʔs *sɛʔt / *tɛʔt
RIO sēˑs sēˑs šēˑš sēs šet šet sat tat *cēˑc *ses *set / *tet
PEDRA tʌˀs tʌˀs tʌˀš čʌˀs šiš šiš kes kit *cʰɛˀs *čɨʔs *t'ɨʔs
DEDO tʌˀq tʌˀq tʌˀq tʌˀχ tʰoχ ?  intoto  tok *tʰɛˀq *tǝʔq *thǝʔq
RESINA dīˑk dīˑk dīˑk dʲīk čik ? ? ? *čīˑk *ǯik (~-g, -ẋ) *d'ik
LOBO qɯ̄ˑt  qɯ̄ˑti   qɯ̄ˑtə  χɯ̄ˑt (boru < túrquico) qut xotu *qʷīˑtʰi *qɨte (˜ẋ-) *qʌthǝ
INVERNO kɤ̄ˑt kɤ̄ˑti kɤ̄ˑte kɤ̄ˑt keːtʰi ? lot lete *kʷeˑtʰi *gǝte *kǝte
LUZ  kʌˀn  kʌˀn kʌˀn kʌˀn kin ? lum ? *kʷɛˀn *gǝʔn- ?
PESSOA kɛˀd kɛˀd kɛˀd kɛˀtʲ hit het kit kit *kɛˀt *keʔt ?
DOIS ɯ̄ˑn ɯ̄ˑn ɯ̄ˑn ɯ̄n in in kin hin *kʰīˑn *xɨna *(k)ɨn
ÁGUA ūˑl ūˑl ūˑl ūr ul ul kul ul *kʰul *qoʔl (~ẋ-, -r)  ?
VIDOEIRO ùs ùːse ùːsə ùːʰs uča uuča kus uta *kʰuχʂa *xūsa *kuʔǝt'ǝ
 TRENÓ  súùl súùl šúùl sɔ́ùl  čogar  čɛgar šal tsɛl *tsehʷəl      *soʔol *sogǝl (~č/t'-ʎ) 

...a ser concluído.

Dene-Ienissei

Ver artigo principal: Línguas dene-ienisseianas

Em 2008, Edward Vajda da Universidade Western Washington apresentou uma evidência, baseada em rigorosa metodologia, de uma relação genética entre as línguas ienisseianas da Sibéria e as línguas na-dene da América do Norte.[6] Seu trabalho tem sido bem avaliado por especialistas em línguas na-dene e línguas ienisseianas, incluindo Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, e Heinrich Werner, bem como outros respeitados lingüistas como Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, e Eric Hamp.[7] No entanto, ainda levará algum tempo para que a comunidade lingüística avalie essa proposta.

Ligações propostas com outras famílias

Até 2008, poucos lingüistas aceitavam alguma conexão do ienisseiano com qualquer outra família lingüística, embora distantes ligações tenham sido propostas com a maioria das línguas ergativas da Eurásia.

Karasuk

Ver artigo principal: Línguas karasuk

A hipótese karasuk, ligando o ienisseiano ao burushaski, têm sido proposta por vários estudiosos, notavelmente por A.P Dulson[8] e V.N. Toporov.[9] George van Driem, o mais proeminente defensor da hipótese karasuk, postula que o povo burusho era parte da migração da Ásia Central que resultou na conquista indo-européia da Índia.[10]

Sino-tibetano

Ver artigo principal: Línguas sino-tibetanas

Como foi notado por Tailleur[11] e Werner,[12] algumas das propostas mais antigas para a ligação genética do ienisseiano, feita por M.A. Castrén (1856), James Byrne (1892), e G.J. Ramstedt (1907), sugeria que o ienisseiano é o relativo setentrional das línguas sino-tibetanas. Essas idéias foram seguidas muito mais tarde por Kai Donner[13] e Karl Bouda.[14]

Dene-caucasiano

Ver artigo principal: Línguas dene-caucasianas

Bouda, em várias publicações dos anos 30 aos anos 50, descreveu uma cadeia lingüística que (juntamente ao ienisseiano e sino-tibetano) também incluía caucasiano setentrional, e o burushaski, algumas formas do que foi chamado de sino-caucasiano. Os trabalhos de R. Bleichsteiner[15] e O.G. Tailleur,[16] e posteriormente os de Sergei A. Starostin[17] e Sergei L. Nikolayev[18] têm buscado confirmar essas conexões. Outros que ajudaram a desenvolver a hipótese, muitas vezes a expandem para dene-caucasiano, incluem J.D. Bengtson,[19] V. Blažek,[20] J.H. Greenberg (juntamente com M. Ruhlen),[21] e M. Ruhlen.[22] George Starostin dá continuidade ao trabalho de seu pai no estudo das línguas ienisseianas, sino-caucasianas e em outros campos.[23]

Notas

  1. ↑ "Ostyak" é um termo mais areal do que genético propriamente dito; que em adição às línguas ienisseianas também inclui as línguas urálicas khanty e selkup.
  2. ↑ See Vovin 2000, Vovin 2002 and Pulleyblank 2002
  3. ↑ See Vajda 2008a
  4. ↑ See Anderson 2003
  5. ↑ See Vajda 2007, Starostin 1982 and Werner (???)
  6. ↑ See Vajda 2008b
  7. ↑ Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks
  8. ↑ See Dulson 1968
  9. ↑ See Toporov 1971
  10. ↑ See Van Driem 2001
  11. ↑ See Tailleur 1994
  12. ↑ See Werner 1994
  13. ↑ See Donner 1930
  14. ↑ See Bouda 1963 and Bouda 1957
  15. ↑ See Bleichsteiner 1930
  16. ↑ See Tailleur 1958 and Tailleur 1994
  17. ↑ See Starostin 1982, Starostin 1984, Starostin 1991, Starostin & Ruhlen 1994
  18. ↑ See Nikola(y)ev 1991
  19. ↑ See Bengtson 1994, Bengtson 1998, Bengtson 2008
  20. ↑ See Blažek & Bengtson 1995
  21. ↑ See Greenberg & Ruhlen, Greenberg & Ruhlen 1997
  22. ↑ See Ruhlen 1997, Ruhlen 1998a, Ruhlen 1998b
  23. ↑ See Reshetnikov & Starostin 1995a, Reshetnikov & Starostin 1995b, Dybo & Starostin

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