Jyotisha

Jyotisha (em sânscrito: ज्योतिष, romanizado como jyotiṣa, "esplendor, luz refulgente") também conhecida como astrologia védica, astrologia indiana ou astrologia hindu, é o sistema tradicional hindu de astrologia. É considerada uma das seis disciplinas auxiliares para a compreensão dos Vedas, portanto um Smrti, e o principal meio oracular do Sanātana Dharma[1][2]. Sendo uma disciplina religiosa, deve ser estudada junto a um mestre autorizado, seguindo a sucessão discipular de uma linhagem[3].

A astrologia védica é conhecida nos meios de estudos astrológicos como a forma mais precisa de todas as astrologias, reunindo práticas de diversos povos como babilônicos, gregos[4], árabes[5] e hindus de forma concisa e subordinada à cosmovisão dharmica[6][7], com uma metodologia de cálculo baseada no zodíaco sideral, que considera a precessão dos equinócios, permitindo que suas posições fiquem próximas das adotadas pela astronomia moderna[8].

Desde a decisão do governo Indiano em 2001, algumas universidades indianas oferecem curso superior de astrologia védica. Apesar de nunca ter sido cientificamente testada como o ramo da astrologia ocidental, é também rejeitada pela comunidade científica e atualmente classificada como pseudociência.[9][10][11][12][13]

História

A astrologia védica é um dos Vedangas, as seis disciplinas principais da crença védica hindu.[14] O Vedanga Jyotisha é um dos textos mais antigos de astronomia dos Vedas.[15][16][17] Seu propósito inicial era a confecção de um calendário para escolher as datas de sacrifícios rituais.[14] Inicialmente, o termo sânscrito "graha" não era sinônimo de planetas, mas era utilizado para se referir a supostos demônios que se originavam durante eclipses, dentre eles, Rahu.[14] Esta segunda fase de intercâmbio de descobertas com a astrologia helênica acontece no século I, o livro Yavanajātaka ("O que dizem os gregos") foi traduzido do grego para o sânscrito por volta do século II[18] E a semana de sete dias começou a ser utilizada.[14][19] Os principais textos reconhecidos deste segundo momento datam de compilações da era medieval, entre eles o notável Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra de Parashara, Brihat Jataka de Varaha Mihira e Sārāvalī de Kalyāṇavarma.[20] Estas obras de Varaha Mihira, Parashara e Jaimini foram traduzidos nos últimos anos em língua portuguesa pela comunidade brasileira[21][22], assim como o tratado de Praśna Tantra de Śrī Nīlakanta. Na atualidade, a astrologia permanece como uma faceta importante da vida hindu. Os recém-nascidos têm seus nomes escolhidos a partir dos seus mapas natais, os festivais são organizados de acordo com este conhecimento, datas de escolhas de casamento, abrir novos negócios, mudar-se de casa e de trabalho. A astrologia tem status iguais às outras ciências na Índia moderna com cursos de ensino superior.[23] Jaimini foi um antigo estudioso nepalês que fundou a escola Mimansa de filosofia hindu. Ele era um discípulo do sábio Veda Vyasa, o filho de Parashara. Tradicionalmente atribuído a ser o autor dos Mimamsa Sutras e Jaimini Sutras, estima-se que ele tenha vivido por volta do século IV a.C.. Sua escola é considerada não-teísta, mas uma que enfatiza as partes rituais dos Vedas como essenciais para o Dharma.[24]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Lochtefeld, James (2002). "Vedanga" em The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. [S.l.]: Rosen Publishing. pp. 744–745 
  2. Kërr, André. A Arte E A Ciência Da Astrologia Védica. [S.l.]: Academia Brasileira de Astrologia Védica. p. 63 
  3. Kërr, André. A Arte E A Ciência Da Astrologia Védica. [S.l.]: Academia Brasileira De Astrologia Védica. p. 90 
  4. Tripathi, Vijaya Narayan (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 264–267. ISBN 978-1-4020-4425-0 
  5. Shankar, Adawal (2013). Tajik Shastra and Annual Horoscopy. [S.l.]: Sagar Publications. p. 1 
  6. Flood, Gavin., Yano, Michio (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. [S.l.: s.n.] 
  7. Kërr, André. A Arte E A Ciência Da Astrologia Védica. [S.l.]: Academia Brasileira De Astrologia Védica. p. 20 
  8. Kërr, André. A Arte E A Ciência Da Astrologia Védica. São Paulo: Academia Brasileira de Astrologia Védica. p. 35, 107 
  9. Thagard, Paul R. (1978). «Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience» (PDF). The University of Chicago Press. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1: 223–234 
  10. Astrology. [S.l.]: Encyclopædia Britannica 
  11. Sven Ove Hansson; Edward N. Zalta. «Science and Pseudo-Science». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado em 6 de julho de 2012 
  12. «Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List». Astronomical Society of the Pacific 
  13. Hartmann, P.; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (maio de 2006). «The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study». Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982). 
  14. a b c d Flood, Gavin. Yano, Michio. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell.
  15. Thompson, Richard L. (2004). Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 9–240 
  16. Jha, Parmeshwar (1988). Āryabhaṭa I and his contributions to mathematics. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 282 
  17. Puttaswamy, T.K. (2012). Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 1 
  18. Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajātaka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in horoscopy, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting David Pingree "The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja" p5)
  19. Flood, p.382
  20. David Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra (J. Gonda (Ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI Fasc 4), p.81
  21. «Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra - A Bíblia da Astrologia Védica». astrologiaabav.org. Consultado em 11 de março de 2019 
  22. «Astrologia Segundo Jaimini - Jaimini Upadesa Sutras». astrologiaabav.org. Consultado em 5 de fevereiro de 2020 
  23. "In countries such as India, where only a small intellectual elite has been trained in Western physics, astrology manages to retain here and there its position among the sciences." David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times" Encyclopædia Britannica 2008
  24. Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. [S.l.]: Rosen Publishing. pp. 437,438 

Bibliografia

  • Kim Plofker, "South Asian mathematics; The role of astronomy and astrology", Encyclopædia Britannica (online edition, 2008)
  • David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times", Encyclopædia Britannica (online edition, 2008)
  • "Hindu Chronology" Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911)
  • David Pingree, "Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran", Isis – Journal of The History of Science Society (1963), 229–246.
  • David Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra in J. Gonda (ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI, Fasc 4, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (1981).
  • Ebenezer Burgess, "On the Origin of the Lunar Division of the Zodiac represented in the Nakshatra System of the Hindus", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866).
  • William D. Whitney, "On the Views of Biot and Weber Respecting the Relations of the Hindu and Chinese Systems of Asterisms"", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866).
  • Satish Chandra, "Religion and State in India and Search for Rationality", Social Scientist (2002).
  • Sanat Kumar Jain, "Astrology a science or myth" highlighting how every principle like signlord, aspect, friendship-enmity, exalted-debilitated, Mool trikon, dasha, Rahu-Ketu, etc. were framed on the basis of the ancient concept that Sun is nearer than the Moon from the Earth, etc.

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