Ivar, o Desossado

Ivar, o Desossado
Ivar, o Desossado
Hyngwar, nome de Ivar como aparece no Harley MS 2278, um manuscrito em inglês médio do século XV
Casa Munso
Pai Ragnar Calças Peludas
Mãe Aslauga

Ivar, o Desossado ou Sem-Ossos (em nórdico antigo: Ívarr hinn Beinlausi; em inglês antigo: Hyngwar), também chamado Ivar, Filho de Ragnar (em nórdico antigo: Ivar Ragnarsson), foi líder viquingue e comandante militar que invadiu o que é hoje a Inglaterra. Segundo a Saga de Ragnar Calças Peludas, foi filho de Ragnar Calças Peludas e Aslauga. Seus irmãos incluíam Biorno Braço de Ferro, Haldano, Huitserco Camisa-Branca, Sigurdo Cobra-no-Olho e Uba.

Vida

Rotas do Grande Exército Pagão

Era filho de Ragnar Calças Peludas e Aslauga e irmão de Biorno Braço de Ferro, Haldano, Huitserco Camisa-Branca, Sigurdo Cobra-no-Olho e Uba.[1] Aparece em 865, quando liderou o Grande Exército Pagão com Haldano e Uba.[2][3] Em 851, após o rei Etelvulfo da Saxônia Ocidental (r. 839–858) derrotá-los, os viquingues decidiram ir mais ao norte à Ânglia Oriental. As sagas veem a invasão deles como uma resposta à morte de seu pai nas mãos de Ela da Nortúmbria em 865, mas a historicidade da reivindicação é incerta.[4][5]

No fim de 865, os viquingues chegaram na Ânglia Oriental, mas foram impelidos a acordar a paz com o rei Edmundo (r. 855–869/870) por cavalos.[6] Ficaram na região durante o inverno antes de marcharem à Nortúmbria no final de 866, onde sobrepujaram o recém-deposto Osberto e o usurpador Ela e se assentaram em Iorque.[7] Pelas lendas, Ela foi executado pelos irmãos usando a águia de sangue, um método ritual de execução de debatida historicidade no qual a caixa torácica é aberta atrás e os pulmões são esticados, criando uma forma similar a asas.[8]

Em 867, os nortúmbrios pagaram tributo e os invasores colocaram Egberto I (r. 867–872) como títere e foram à Mércia, onde tomaram Nottingham. O rei Burgredo (r. 852–874) pediu ajuda ao rei Etelredo da Saxônia Ocidental (r. 865–871) e o exército combinado sitiou a cidade sem quaisquer sucessos, obrigando os mércios a pagarem tributo.[7] Voltaram à Nortúmbria no outono de 868 e invernaram em Iorque, ficando lá quase todo o ano de 869. Voltaram à Ânglia Oriental e ficaram o inverno de 869-870 em Thetford. Dessa vez os invasores e locais não acordaram a paz e quando Edmundo atacou-os, ele foi capturado e morto;[7] segundo tradição preservada na Paixão de Abão de Fleury, foi Ivar que ordenou a morte por decapitação.[9] Ivar não é mais citado após a morte de Edmundo.[10] No entanto, ele é geralmente associado a Imar, um rei nórdico de Dublim que morreu em 873.[11]

Ver também

  • Ivar, nome nórdico antigo e atual

Referências

  1. Walter 2011, p. 34.
  2. Brøndsted 1965, p. 52-53.
  3. Sawyer 2001, p. 9–11; 53–54.
  4. Munch 1926, p. 245–251.
  5. Jones 1984, p. 218–219.
  6. Ridyard 1988, p. 65.
  7. a b c Keynes 1983, p. 16–17.
  8. Holman 2007.
  9. Ridyard 1988, p. 67.
  10. Forte 2005, p. 72.
  11. Woolf 2006, p. 95.

Bibliografia

  • Brøndsted, Johannes; Skov, Kalle (1965). The Vikings. Londres: Pelican Books 
  • Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
  • Holman, Katherine (2007). The northern conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Signal Books. ISBN 9781904955344 
  • Jones, Gwyn (1984). A History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-215882-1 
  • Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. Londres: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4 
  • Munch, Peter Andreas (1926). Norse Mythology Legends of Gods and Heroes. Nova Iorque: The American-Scandinavian foundation 
  • Ridyard, Susan J. (1988). The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: a Study of West Saxon & East Anglian Cults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30772-4 
  • Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press 
  • Walter, John K. (2011). «Ragnars Saga Lodbrokar». In: Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner. The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia. Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge 
  • Woolf, Alex (2006). «The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300». In: Omand, Donald. The Argyll Book. Edimburgo: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-8415-8480-5 

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