Isótopos de carbono

O carbono tem quinze isótopos, dois dos quais são estáveis (carbono-12 e carbono-13).^[1] Os isótopos de carbono são tipos de átomos de carbono com diferentes números de massa, ou seja, têm o mesmo número de prótons e elétrons, mas diferem no número de nêutrons. Estes isótopos são de grande importância para várias técnicas científicas,^[2]^[3] especialmente os três isótopos naturais: carbono-12, carbono-13 e o carbono-14.

O carbono-12, isótopo mais abundante, foi adotado pela IUPAC como base para a determinação da massa atómica dos elementos químicos, em 1961.^[4] A ocorrência natural de carbono-13 em compostos orgânicos permite a sua caracterização através da ressonância magnética nuclear.^[5] Já o carbono-14, um isótopo radioativo com uma meia-vida de 5,730 ± 40 anos,^[6] é usado na datação de espécimes orgânicos.^[7]

Símbolo Nuclídeo	Z(p)	N(n)	Massa Isotópica (u)	Meia-Vida	Spin Nuclear	Composição Representativa Isotópica (Fração Molar)	Faixa de Variação Natural (Fração Molar)
Símbolo Nuclídeo	Energia de Excitação			Meia-Vida	Spin Nuclear	Composição Representativa Isotópica (Fração Molar)	Faixa de Variação Natural (Fração Molar)
⁸C	6	2	8.037675(25)	2.0(4) x 10⁻²¹ s [230(50) keV]	0+
⁹C	6	3	9.0310367(23)	126.5(9) ms	(3/2-)
¹⁰C	6	4	10.0168532(4)	19.290(12) s	0+
¹¹C	6	5	11.0114336(10)	20.334(24) min	3/2-
¹²C	6	6	12 por definição	Estável	0+	0.9893(8)	0.98853-0.99037
¹³C	6	7	13.0033548378(10)	Estável	1/2-	0.0107(8)	0.00963-0.01147
¹⁴C	6	8	14.003241989(4)	5.70(3) x 10³ anos	0+
¹⁵C	6	9	15.0105993(9)	2.449(5) s	1/2+
¹⁶C	6	10	16.014701(4)	0.747(8) s	0+
¹⁷C	6	11	17.022586(19)	193(5) ms	(3/2+)
¹⁸C	6	12	18.02676(3)	92(2) ms	0+
¹⁹C	6	13	19.03481(11)	46.2(23) ms	(1/2+)
²⁰C	6	14	20.04032(26)	16(3) ms [14(+6-5) ms]	0+
²¹C	6	15	21.04934(54)#	<30 ns	(1/2+)#
²²C	6	16	22.05720(97)#	6.2(13) ms [6.1(+14-12) ms]	0+

Ligações externas

Isótopos de Carbono em Estudos Ambientais

Bibliografia

Flannery, T 2005, The weather makers: the history & future of climate change, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia. ISBN 1920885 84 6.
Massa dos isotopos: Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Composição isotópica e massa atômica: Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683–800, (2003) e Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
Meia vida e spin:
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3–128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

Referências

↑ «Isotopes of Carbon» (em inglês). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Consultado em 30 de dezembro de 2013. Arquivado do original em 1 de junho de 2008
↑ Uso dos Isótopos Estáveis de Carbono, Nitrogênio e Enxofre em Estudos de Ecologia Costeira
↑ Isótopos de Carbono em Estudos Ambientais
↑ «Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC». publications.iupac.org. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2022
↑ Bock, Klaus; Pedersen, Christian (1 de janeiro de 1983). Tipson, R. Stuart; Horton, Derek, eds. «Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Monosaccharides». Academic Press (em inglês): 27–66. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2022
↑ Godwin, H. (setembro de 1962). «Half-life of Radiocarbon». Nature (em inglês) (4845): 984–984. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/195984a0. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2022
↑ Guidon, N.; Delibrias, G. (junho de 1986). «Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago». Nature (em inglês) (6072): 769–771. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/321769a0. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2022

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