Instruções de Amenemés

Tabuleiro de exercício com excerto hierático das Instruções de Amenemhat. XVIII dinastia, reinado de Amenófis I, ca. 1514-1493 a.C.. O texto lê: "Esteja em sua guarda contra todos os que estão subordinados a você ... Não confie em nenhum irmão, não conheça amigo, não faça intimidades."

Instruções de Amenemés (também conhecido como "Ensinando do Rei Amenemés I a Seu Filho Sesostris") é um curto poema egípcio antigo do gênero sebayt (ensino) escrito durante o início do Reino Médio. O poema toma a forma de um monólogo intensamente dramático entregue pelo fantasma do faraó assassinado Amenemés I da XII dinastia a seu filho Sesóstris I. Descreve a conspiração que matou Amenemés,[1] e ordena a seu filho não confiar em ninguém. O poema forma uma espécie de apologia dos atos do reinado do velho rei.[2] Termina com uma exortação a Senusret para subir ao trono e governar sabiamente no lugar de seu pai.

Autoria

As Instruções podem ter sido escritas pelo comando[3] de Senusrete para elogiar seu pai e legitimar sua reivindicação ao trono. Vários séculos mais tarde, no Papyrus Chester Beatty IV do Reino Novo, a autoria do poema foi atribuída "ao principal dos escribas", Queti.[4][5]

A principal fonte deste documento vem do Papyrus Millingen que foi copiado por A. Peyron em 1843. O original agora está perdido. Tabuleiros de madeira com partes das Instruções que datam da XVIII dinastia e fragmentos de papiro do Novo Reino e óstraco sobrevivem.[6]

Conteúdo

Um relevo do faraó Amenemhet I diante das divindades do Egito, em seu templo funerário em El-Lisht. Amenemhet I foi o fundador da 12ª dinastia do Egito. O relevo agora está localizado no Museu Metropolitano de Nova York

As Instruções abrem identificando o autor como "o último rei do Alto e Baixo Egito, Sesóstris, o filho de Re Amenemés" e afirmam ser o conselho de Amenemés para seu filho sobre como manter sua realeza e prosperidade. O rei então adverte seu filho a não confiar em ninguém, pois mesmo aqueles que ele ajudou recusaram o apoio e explica que ele foi assassinado por sua guarda enquanto estava na cama. Descreve brevemente suas provisões para o Egito; seus sucessos militares e suas construções realizadas são citadas. As Instruções fecham com bênçãos para seu filho, Sesostris, e conselhos sobre como ele deve governar.

Impacto

Este manuscrito é uma das primeiras referências aos "asiáticos". Faraós posteriores copiaram partes de escritos mais antigos para legitimar suas ações. O faraó Piiê da XXV dinastia copiou seções das Instruções de Amenemés quase literalmente. O poema ainda estava sendo lido no século V a.C., cerca de 1500 anos depois que foi escrito.

Referências

  1. ↑ J. P. Allen thinks the outcome of the conspiracy is inconclusive (Allen, op.cit., p.259)
  2. ↑ Lichtheim, op.cit., p.137
  3. ↑ Lichtheim, op.cit., p.135
  4. ↑ Ermann, op.cit., p.xxvii
  5. ↑ H. Lesko thinks it might be possible that this is the same Queti who wrote The Satire of the Trades. Hans Goedicke adds to his list of works the Instruction of Merikare, a suggestion which did not find favour with everybody. (Lesko, op.cit, p.141)
  6. ↑ Lichtheim, op.cit., p.136

Bibliografia

  • Tradução em R. B. Parkinson, The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems. Oxford World's Classics, 1999.
  • Stephen Quirke: Egyptian Literature 1800BC: Questions and Readings, Londres 2004, 127-129 ISBN 0-9547218-6-1 (tradução e transcrição)
  • Miriam Lichtheim: Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. I, 1980 University of California Press, pp. 135–138
  • Adolf Erman, The Ancient Egyptians: A Sourcebook of Their Writings, Harper & Row 1966
  • Leonard H. Lesko, Pharaoh's Workers: The Villagers of Deir El Medina, Cornell University Press 1994, ISBN 0-8014-8143-0
  • James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0-521-77483-7
  • Wolfgang Kosack: Berliner Hefte zur ägyptischen Literatur 1 - 12: Teil I. 1 - 6/ Teil II. 7 - 12 (2 Bände). Paralleltexte in Hieroglyphen mit Einführungen und Übersetzung. Heft 9: Die Lehre des Königs Amenemhet I. an seinen Sohn. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basileia 2015. ISBN 978-3-906206-11-0.

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