Instruções de Kagemni

Instruções de Kagemni é um texto educacional egípcio antigo da literatura de sabedoria que pertence ao gênero sebayt ("ensino"). Embora a evidência mais adiantada de sua compilação data do Império Médio do Egito, sua autoria tem sido tradicionalmente ainda dubiosamente atribuída a Kagemni,[1] um vizier que servisse durante o reino do faraó Seneferu (r. 2613–2589 a.C), fundador da IV dinastia egípcia (pertencente ao Império Antigo).

Datação

Uma seção do Papiro Prisse, escrito em texto hierático cursivo

A fonte conhecida mais antiga para as Instruções de Kagemni é o Papiro Prisse.[2] Este texto data do final da XII dinastia do Império Médio do Egito (talvez durante o reinado de Amenemés II de 1929 a.C. a 1895 a.C., ou um pouco mais tarde na XII dinastia).[3] Está escrito na língua egípcia média e em um estilo arcaico de hierático cursivo.[3]

Conteúdo

Somente o fim deste texto didático sobreviveu; no papiro Prisse, é seguido pela versão completa das Máximas de Ptahhotep.[4] É desconhecido quanto do texto do seu início está realmente perdido.[5] Kagemni, que o texto menciona como um vizir sob Seneferu, talvez esteja baseado em outro vizir chamado Kagemni que viveu durante a VI dinastia egípcia.[5] Kagemni é sugerido como sendo o aluno em vez do professor de virtudes e moral no texto, e tem sido proposto por estudiosos que seu pai era Kaire, um sábio mencionado no Elogio de Escritores Mortos (Papyrus Chester Beatty IV) do período Raméssida.[6] Embora a autoria do texto seja atribuída a Kagemni, era comum que textos de sabedoria egípcia antiga fossem falsamente atribuídos a figuras históricas de prestígio de épocas muito anteriores.[7]

Escrito como um guia pragmático de aconselhamento para o filho de um visir, as Instruções de Kagemni são semelhantes às Máximas de Ptahhotep. Difere de textos de ensino posteriores como a Instrução de Amenemope, que enfatiza a piedade, e as Instruções de Amenemés, que William Simpson (professor emérito de egiptologia na Universidade Yale) descreveu como um "fragmento político moldado na forma de instrução".[8] Kagemni aconselha que se deve seguir um caminho de modéstia e moderação, o que contrasta com coisas a evitar: orgulho e gula.[9] Em Kagemni, o "homem silencioso" que é modesto, calmo e pratica o autocontrole é visto como o mais virtuoso; este tipo de pessoa é mais tarde contrastado com o seu oposto polar, o "homem aquecido", em Amenemope.[10] Segundo Miriam Lichtheim, o virtuoso "homem silencioso" descrito pela primeira vez em Kagemni "estava destinado a um papel importante na moralidade egípcia".[11]

Notas

  1. Lichtheim (1996), p. 244.
  2. Simpson (1972), p. 177; Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
  3. a b Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
  4. Simpson (1972), p. 177; Parkinson (2002), p. 313-315.
  5. a b Parkinson (2002), p. 313.
  6. Simpson (1972), p. 177; Parkinson (2002), p. 313.
  7. Parkinson (2002), pp. 75-76; Lichtheim (1996), p. 244.
  8. Simpson (1972), pp. 6, 177.
  9. Lichtheim (1996), pp. 244-245.
  10. Lichtheim (1996), p. 258.
  11. Lichtheim (1996), p. 245.

Referências

  • Lichtheim, Miriam. (1996). "Didactic literature" in Ancient Egyptian Literature: History & Forms. Editado por Antonio Loprieno. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09925-5.
  • Parkinson, R.B. (2002). Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection. Londres: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-5637-5.
  • Simpson, William Kelly. (1972). The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry. Editado por William Kelly Simpson. Traduzido por R.O. Faulkner, Edward F. Wente, Jr., e William Kelly Simpson. New Haven e Londres: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01482-1.
  • Battiscombe Gunn. (1906), "THE WISDOM OF THE EAST, THE INSTRUCTION OF PTAH-HOTEP AND THE INSTRUCTION OF KE'GEMNI: THE OLDEST BOOKS IN THE WORLD", LONDON, JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1906, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30508/30508-h/30508-h.htm

Leitura adicional

  • Erman, Adolf. (2005). Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Collection of Poems, Narratives and Manuals of Instructions from the Third and Second Millenia BC. Traduzido por Aylward M. Blackman. Nova Iorque: Cambridge University Press. Londres: Kegan Paul Limited. ISBN 0-7103-0964-3.
  • Gardiner, Alan H. "The Instruction to Kagemni and his brethren.", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Londres, 32, 1946, pp. 71–74.

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