Instância (grau de jurisdição)

Judicialmente, a instância corresponde a um grau/nível de jurisdição na hierarquia do poder judiciário.[1]

Instâncias do Poder Judiciário no Brasil

O Poder Judiciário do Brasil baseia-se em três instâncias, onde a decisão de uma instância inferior pode ser modificada por uma instância superior, através do recurso.[2][3]

Primeira instância

A primeira instância, onde geralmente começam as ações judiciais, constitui-se de juízes monocráticos: o juiz de direito da comarca (Justiça organizada pelos estados) atua nos Fóruns e Varas especializadas; juízes federais atuam nas Seções Judiciárias/Varas; juízes eleitorais atuam nas Juntas Eleitorais; juízes do trabalho atuam nas Varas do Trabalho, e; os juízes auditores nas Auditorias Militares (na Justiça Militar).

Segunda instância

A segunda instância, onde são julgados pelos desembargadores recursos contra decisões dos juízes de primeira instância e alguns processos originários (onde os réus são autoridades com foro privilegiado), é formada pelos tribunais de Justiça[4] (TJ) (os antigos Tribunais de Alçada foram extintos pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45, de 30 de dezembro de 2004) e pelos tribunais regionais federais (TRF), Tribunais Regionais Eleitorais (TRE), do Tribunal Regional do trabalho (TRT) e Tribunal de Justiça Militar (TJM).

Logo é Justiça Comum: 1ª instância - Fóruns e Varas especializadas na esfera Estadual e Seções Judiciárias/ Varas na esfera Federal, na 2ª instância tem TJ + juizados especiais cíveis e criminais na esfera Estadual, TRF na esfera Federal + juizados federais especiais. Já a Justiça Especializada: 1ª instância - Varas do trabalho, Juntas eleitorais e Auditorias militares, na 2ª instância-TRT, TRE e TJM.

Instâncias superiores

A instância superior é formada pelos Tribunais Superiores - TST, TSE e STM, STJ. A instância superior é constituída pelos tribunais superiores (Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST), Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e Superior Tribunal Militar (STM)), onde ministros que julgam recursos contra decisões dos tribunais de segunda instância.[5] Na prática, porém, o Supremo Tribunal Federal tem funcionado como uma "quarta instância".[6]

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ «Instância». Conselho Nacional do Ministério Público - CNMP. 2024 
  2. ↑ Vocabulário Jurídico - Econômico/Ambiental
  3. ↑ «Tribunais Superiores: Quais são? O que fazem?». Jusbrasil. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2022 
  4. ↑ «Primeira instância, segunda instância... Quem é quem na Justiça brasileira?». JusBrasil. Consultado em 27 de outubro de 2016 
  5. ↑ Supremo Tribunal Federal. Glossário Jurídico
  6. ↑ STF funciona como quarta instância, diz Peluso. JusBrasil, 28 de dezembro de 2010.

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