Hidróxido

Geometria molecular do anião hidróxido.

O termo hidróxido pode referir-se ao ânion hidróxido (OH−) ou a uma função química caracterizada por um catião (português europeu) ou cátion (português brasileiro) (geralmente um metal, exceção feita apenas ao catião amônio) e um anião (português europeu) ou ânion (português brasileiro) hidroxila. Os exemplos mais conhecidos são o hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), vulgarmente chamado de "soda cáustica", e o hidróxido de potássio (KOH), também conhecido como "potassa cáustica". Os hidróxidos são caracterizados por seu caráter básico (tingem de azul o papel de tornassol, por exemplo).

Todos os hidróxidos de elevado grau de ionização (bases fortes) são solúveis em água, por serem fortemente iônicos, com exceção do hidróxido de magnésio e do hidróxido de berílio.

Nomenclatura

Hidróxido de + (nome do cátion)

Se houver diferentes hidróxidos com cátions de um mesmo elemento principal, deve-se pôr, após o nome do cátion e entre parênteses, o número de oxidação do elemento principal, em algarismos romanos.

Exemplos

Classificação

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a) Quanto ao número de grupos OH− liberados na dissociação de uma fórmula da base em meio aquoso:

  • monobases → NaOH, NH4OH, KOH, etc.
  • dibase ou bibase → Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, etc.
  • tribases → Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, etc.
  • tetrabases → Mn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4, Sn(OH)4, etc.

(acima de dois OH– liberados, já pode ser utilizada também a nomenclatura "polibase".)

b) Quanto à solubilidade em água:

c) Quanto à força:

  • bases fortes → São as bases de metais alcalinos e alcalinoterrosos — exceto de berílio[1] — e o hidróxido de tálio (I).
  • bases fracas → São todas as outras bases com exceção do item anterior (é fraco o hidróxido de berílio).

(A "força" da base vem da sua capacidade de dissociação em meio aquoso, ou seja, quanto mais íons OH− forem dissociados em água, mais forte será a base.)

Referências

  1. ↑ Alviar-Agnew, Marisa; Agnew, Henry (29 de dezembro de 2020). «Strong and Weak Acids and Bases». LibreTexts. Consultado em 1 de agosto de 2021 
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