Guerra Otomano-Safávida de 1532 a 1555

Guerra Otomano-Safávida 1532-1555
Parte das Guerras Otomano-Persas

Miniatura do Süleymanname representando Solimão marchando com um exército em Naquichevão, no verão de 1554, no final da Guerra Otomano-Safávida.
Data 1532 - 1555
Local Mesopotâmia, Planalto Armênio, Azerbaijão Oriental
Desfecho Vitória Decisiva Otomana;[1]
Paz de Amásia
Mudanças territoriais Os Otomanos ganharam grandes partes da Mesopotâmia (Iraque), da Armênia Ocidental e da Geórgia Ocidental[2]
Os Persas retiveram Tabriz, a Geórgia Oriental, a Armênia Oriental, o Curdistão Oriental, o Daguestão e o Azerbaijão[3] e o resto de suas fronteiras do noroeste como eram antes da guerra

Erzurum, Van e Shahrizor tornam-se zonas de amortecimento[4]. Kars é declarado neutro.[5]

Beligerantes
 Império Safávida  Império Otomano
Comandantes
Império Safávida Tamaspe I
Império Safávida Xaverdi-Sultão
Império Safávida Ismail Mirza
Império Otomano Solimão, o Magnífico
Império Otomano Pargali Ibrahim Pasha (até 1535 quando ele foi enviado para Istambul)
Império Otomano İskender Çelebi (até á sua execução em 1535)
Império Otomano Rüstem Pasha (1548–1555 na campanha em tempo integral)
Império Otomano Selim II
Império Otomano Elkas Mirza PDG (até á sua captura pelo seu irmão Tamaspe em 1549)
Império Otomano Kara Ahmed Pasha
Forças
60,000 homens
10 peças de artilharia
200,000 homens
300 peças de artilharia

A Guerra Otomano-Safávida de 1532-1555 foi um dos muitos conflitos militares travados entre os dois arqui-rivais, o Império Otomano liderado por Solimão, o Magnífico, e o Império Safávida liderado por Tamaspe I.

Origens

A guerra foi desencadeada por disputas territoriais entre os dois impérios, especialmente quando o Bei de Bitlis decidiu colocar-se sob proteção persa. [6] Além disso, Tamaspe assassinou o governador de Bagdá, um simpatizante de Solimão.

Na frente diplomática, os Safávidas haviam se envolvido em discussões com os Habsburgos para a formação de uma aliança Habsburgo-Persa que atacaria o Império Otomano em duas frentes.[6]

Campanha dos Dois Iraques (Primeira campanha, 1532-1536)

Os Otomanos, primeiro sob o Grande Vizir Ibrahim Paxá, e mais tarde unidos pelo próprio Solimão, atacaram com sucesso o Iraque Safávida, recapturaram Bitlis, e capturaram Tabriz e depois Bagdá em 1534.[6] Tamaspe permaneceu elusivo enquanto se mantinha recuando à frente das tropas Otomanas, adotando uma estratégia de Terra queimada.

Segunda campanha (1548–1549)

Sob o Grande Vizir Rüstem Pasha, os Otomanos tentando derrotar o Xá de uma vez por todas, Solimão embarcou em uma segunda campanha em 1548-1549. Mais uma vez, Tamaspe adotou uma política de terra queimada, devastando a Armênia. Enquanto isso, o rei Francês Francisco I, inimigo dos Habsburgos, e Solimão, o Magnífico, estavam avançando com uma aliança Franco-Otomana, formalizada em 1536, que contrabalançaria a ameaça dos Habsburgos. Em 1547, quando Solimão atacou a Pérsia, a França enviou o seu embaixador Gabriel de Luetz para acompanhá-lo em sua campanha.[7] Gabriel de Luetz deu conselhos militares a Solimão, como quando ele aconselhou sobre a colocação de artilharia durante o Cerco de Van.[7] Solimão fez ganhos em Tabriz, na Armênia governada pela Persia, garantiu uma presença duradoura na província de Van, na Anatólia Oriental, e tomou alguns fortes na Geórgia.

Terceira campanha (1553-1555) e consequências

Em 1553, os Otomanos, primeiro sob o comando do Grande Vizir Rüstem Pasha e depois do próprio Solimão, iniciaram sua terceira e última campanha contra o Xá, na qual ele primeiro perdeu e depois recuperou Erzurum. Ganhos territoriais Otomanos foram assegurados pela Paz de Amásia em 1555. Solimão retornou Tabriz, mas manteve Bagdá, a Mesopotâmia, o oeste da Armênia, o oeste da Geórgia, a foz do Eufrates e do Tigre e parte da costa do Golfo Pérsico. A Pérsia manteve o resto de todos os seus territórios no noroeste do Cáucaso.

Devido ao seu forte compromisso na Pérsia, Solimão só conseguiu enviar apoio naval limitado à França na invasão Franco-Otomana da Córsega em (1553).

Notas

  1. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire , ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
  2. The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
  3. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
  4. Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1107245082 
  5. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 698. ISBN 978-1598843361 
  6. a b c The Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis p. 330 [1]
  7. a b The Cambridge history of Iran de William Bayne Fisher p.384ff

Fontes

  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, tradução inglesa por Azizeh Azodi.
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2 ed. [S.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1442241466 

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