Grupo do boro

O grupo 13 (3A), é o grupo conhecido como grupo do boro. É constituído dos seguintes elementos:

O boro, dentre os outros elementos deste grupo difere significativamente, principalmente pelo tamanho dos seus átomos, e também por ser um não metal.

Os elementos deste grupo apresentam número de oxidação +3, e, analogamente possuem três elétrons na camada de valência.

Os pontos de fusão dos elementos deste grupo não variam de maneira regular, portanto estes valores não devem ser comparados entre os elementos deste grupo, uma vez que o boro (2180 °C) e o gálio (30 °C)[1] apresentam estruturas cristalinas peculiares, influenciando diretamente na temperatura.

Os valores de raio atômico também não são regulares entre estes elementos, uma vez que o boro não é classificado como metal. Este fato também implica algumas diferenças entre suas propriedades, por exemplo, o boro (não metal) é capaz de formar óxidos ácidos, enquanto o alumínio (metal) forma óxidos anfóteros.

O caráter metálico dentro deste grupo cresce a partir do Boro para o Alumínio e decresce a partir do Alumínio para o Tálio, devido ao aumento do tamanho desses átomos.

Suas energias de ionização não decrescem regularmente a partir do Alumínio, devido a blindagem não eficiente dos elétrons do subnível d, bem como a contração d.

Em relação a formação de complexos, os elementos deste grupo os formam com facilidade em comparação com os elementos dos Grupos 1 e 2. devido ao seu menor tamanho. Resultando em complexos tetraédricos com hidretos e haletos, além de complexos octaédricos.

Referências

  1. ↑ Lee, J. D. (John David) (1999). Química inorgânica não tão concisa. São Paulo: Blucher. p. 184. 544 páginas. ISBN 978-85-212-0176-2. OCLC 46759356 

Read other articles:

List of City Hunter chapters

Manga in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine Cover of the first volume as released in Japan by Shueisha In Japan, the City Hunter manga ran for six years in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from Issue 13 of 1985 to Issue 50 of 1991. The first compiled City Hunter collections were published under the Jump Comics imprint from 1985 to 1992, and totaled 35 volumes. The second edition was from Shueisha Editions, who published an 18 book version between 1996 and 1997. Bunch World publish...

 

1844 en musique classique

Chronologies Données clés 1841 1842 1843  1844  1845 1846 1847Décennies :1810 1820 1830  1840  1850 1860 1870Siècles :XVIIe XVIIIe  XIXe  XXe XXIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, République centrafricaine, Comores, République du Congo, République démocratique du Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Égyp...

 

Daniel Z. Romualdez

Nama ini menggunakan kebiasaan penamaan Filipina; nama tengah atau nama keluarga pihak ibunya adalah Zialcita dan marga atau nama keluarga pihak ayahnya adalah Romualdez. Daniel Z. Romualdez Jurubicara Dewan Perwakilan Filipina ke-10Masa jabatan27 Januari 1958 – 9 Maret 1962PresidenCarlos P. Garcia (1958-1961) Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1962) PendahuluJose Laurel, Jr.PenggantiCornelio VillarealAnggota Dewan Perwakilan Filipina dari Distrik Keempat LeyteMasa jabatan30 Desember 19...

Craig Levein

Scottish association football player Craig Levein Levein as manager of Scotland in 2012Personal informationFull name Craig William Levein[1]Date of birth (1964-10-22) 22 October 1964 (age 59)[2]Place of birth Dunfermline, ScotlandHeight 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[2]Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team St Johnstone (manager)Youth career0000 Lochore WelfareSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1981–1983 Cowdenbeath 60 (0)1983–1997 Heart of Midlot...

 

Serie D 2016-2017

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Serie D 2016-2017 (disambigua). Serie D 2016-2017 Competizione Serie D Sport Calcio Edizione 69ª Organizzatore Lega Nazionale DilettantiDipartimento Interregionale Date dal 4 settembre 2016al 7 maggio 2017 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 162 Formula 9 gironi con play-off e play-out Risultati Vincitore Monza(1º titolo) Altre promozioni CuneoMestreRavennaGavorranoFermanaArzachenaBisceglieSicula Leonzio Retrocessioni (le squ...

 

تانرسفيل (نيويورك)

تانرسفيل   الإحداثيات 42°11′37″N 74°08′20″W / 42.1936°N 74.1389°W / 42.1936; -74.1389   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة غرين  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 3.100426 كيلومتر مربع3.100424 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 579 متر  عدد السكان ...

Lenny Kravitz

Lenny Kravitz Leonard Albert Lenny Kravitz (lahir 26 Mei 1964) merupakan penyanyi rock dan pencipta lagu berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Diskografi Let Love Rule (1989) Mama Said (1991) Are You Gonna Go My Way (1993) Circut (1995) 5 (1999) Greatest Hits (2000) Lenny (2001) Baptism (2004) It Is Time for a Love Revolution (2008) Black and White America (2011) Strut (2014) Raise Vibration (2018) Blue Electric Light (2024) Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Lenny Kravitz. Situs...

 

Liste des héritiers du trône de Monaco

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Trône (homonymie). Articles principaux : Ordre de succession théorique au trône de Monaco, Prince de Monaco et Prince héréditaire de Monaco. La principauté de Monaco compte plusieurs héritiers du trône qualifiés ou ayant été qualifiés selon le principe de primogéniture à préférence masculine à porter hypothétiquement le titre de prince souverain de Monaco. L’actuel héritier présomptif de la Couronne princière monégasque est le pr...

 

Stade Olympique de Sousse

Sousse Olympic StadiumCemetery of the invadersLocationSousse, TunisiaCoordinates35°49′24″N 10°36′46″E / 35.82333°N 10.61278°E / 35.82333; 10.61278OwnerGovernment of TunisiaCapacity50,000[1]Field size105 m × 65 mSurfaceGrassConstructionOpened1973Renovated1994 2019–2024Expanded1999 2019–2022TenantsÉtoile du Sahel The Sousse Olympic Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sousse, Tunisia. It is used by the football team Étoile du Sahel, and was us...

Seraut Wajah

Seraut WajahAlbum studio karya Ebiet G. AdeDirilis20 Oktober 1990GenrePop, countryLabelEGA Records Irama TaraProduserEbiet G. AdeKronologi Ebiet G. Ade Sketsa Rembulan Emas (1988)Sketsa Rembulan Emas1988 Seraut Wajah (1990) Kupu-Kupu Kertas (1995)Kupu-Kupu Kertas1995 Seraut Wajah adalah album ke-12 yang dikeluarkan oleh Ebiet G. Ade. Dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan rekamannya sendiri EGA Records, album ini menjadi album terakhir yang diproduksi sendiri. Boleh dikata, album ini menjadi tonggak...

 

Cumi-cumi

Cumi-cumiRentang fosil: Zaman kapur awal – sekarang PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Loligo vulgaris Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Mollusca Kelas: Cephalopoda Subkelas: Coleoidea Superordo: Decapodiformes Kelompok yang termasuk[1] Myopsida Oegopsida d'Orbigny, 1845 Bathyteuthida Cumi-cumi karang karibia Cumi-cumi adalah kelompok hewan sefalopoda besar atau jenis moluska yang hidup di laut.[2] Nama Sefalopoda dalam bahasa Yunani berarti kaki kep...

 

All India Radio

All India RadioJenisOrganisasi PemerintahNegara IndiaJangkauanNasionalMottoBahujana Hitaya Bahujan SukhayaMarkasNew Delhi, Delhi, India,PemilikPrasar BharatiTanggal luncur1936Situs resmiwww.allindiaradio.org Markas AIR. All India Radio (disingkat AIR), secara resmi Akashvani (Devanagari: आकाशवाणी, ākāshavānī) (Urdu: اکاشوانی), adalah penyiar radio India dan divisi dari Prasar Bharati. All India Radio adalah salah satu jaringan radio terbesar di dunia. Markasnya ber...

List of Mexican films of the 1890s

Cinema of Mexico List of Mexican films Mexican Animation Horror films 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 ...

 

Volo Independent Air 1851

Volo Independent Air 1851N7231T, l'aereo coinvolto nell'incidente fotografato ad Amsterdam nel 1985Tipo di eventoIncidente Data8 febbraio 1989 Ora14:08 UTC TipoVolo controllato contro il suolo causato da errori dei piloti e del controllore del traffico aereo LuogoPico Alto, Isola Santa Maria, Azzorre Stato Portogallo Coordinate36°58′53.31″N 25°05′27.6″W / 36.981475°N 25.091°W36.981475; -25.091Coordinate: 36°58′53.31″N 25°05′27.6″W / 3...

 

Dancing procession of Echternach

Dancing procession of EchternachDancers in the procession, May 2008Date(s)Whit TuesdayFrequencyAnnualLocation(s)Echternach, Luxembourg Hopping procession of EchternachUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageCountryLuxembourgDomainsPerforming arts; Social practices, rituals and festive eventsReference00392RegionEurope and North AmericaInscription historyInscription2010 (5th session)ListRepresentative The dancing procession of Echternach is an annual Roman Catholic dancing procession held at Echtern...

Pat Metheny Group

American jazz band Pat Metheny GroupPat Metheny Group at Umbria Jazz 2010. Lyle Mays (left), Steve Rodby (middle) and Pat Metheny (right)Background informationOriginLee's Summit, Missouri, United StatesGenres Jazz Fusion Years active1977–2010LabelsECM, Geffen, Warner Bros., NonesuchPast members Pat Metheny Lyle Mays Steve Rodby Danny Gottlieb Mark Egan Naná Vasconcelos Paul Wertico Pedro Aznar Antonio Sánchez David Blamires Mark Ledford Armando Marçal Richard Bona Luis Conte Philip Hamil...

 

معبد عطارد (دقة)

معبد عطارد معبد عطارد دقة تقديم البلد  تونس مدينة دقة إحداثيات 36°25′23″N 9°13′06″E / 36.422918°N 9.218329°E / 36.422918; 9.218329 [1]  الموقع الجغرافي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   معبد عطارد هو معلم أثري تونسي مصنف من قبل المعهد الوطني للتراث يقع في ولاية باجة في الشمال الغربي الت...

 

Ancona Calcio 1996-1997

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Ancona. Ancona CalcioStagione 1996-1997Sport calcio Squadra Ancona Allenatore Giuseppe Petrelli poi Mario Colautti poi Fabio Brini Presidente Angelo Deodati (Amministratore Unico) Serie C12º posto nel girone B. Promossa in Serie B. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Cesaretti, Tentoni (33) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Lucidi, Tentoni (5) 1995-1996 1997-1998 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Ancona C...

Agnes Wolbert

Dutch politician Agnes WolbertAgnes WolbertMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office30 November 2006 – 23 March 2017 Personal detailsBorn (1958-08-10) 10 August 1958 (age 65)NationalityDutchPolitical partyLabour PartyOccupationPolitician Agnes Geziena Wolbert (born 20 August 1958) is a Dutch politician. As a member of the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) she was an MP between 30 November 2006 and 23 March 2017.[1] She focused on matters of senior citizen polic...

 

Pontypridd railway station

Railway station in Rhondda Cynon Taf, WalesThis article is about the present station on the Merthyr and Rhondda lines. For the former Barry Railway station, see Pontypridd Graig railway station. PontypriddA visiting railtour in the station (July 2017)General informationLocationPontypridd, Rhondda Cynon TafWalesCoordinates51°35′58″N 3°20′31″W / 51.5994°N 3.3419°W / 51.5994; -3.3419Grid referenceST071898Managed byTransport for WalesPlatforms3Other information...