Gastão IV de Béarn

Gastão IV (falecido em 1131) foi visconde de Béarn de 1090 a 1131. Ele foi chamado de le Croisé - o Cruzado - por causa de sua participação na Primeira Cruzada como parte do exército de Raimundo de Saint-Gilles.

Biografia

Início da vida e Primeira Cruzada

Gastão era filho de Centulle V de Béarn e Beatrix de Bigorre.[1] Ele lutou na Reconquista na Espanha. Gastão sucedeu seu pai Centulle V de Béarn em 1090. Durante seu governo, as fronteiras de Béarn foram estabelecidas de forma mais definitiva; ele derrotou o visconde de Dax e assumiu o controle de Orthez, Pays de Mixe e Ostabaret em 1105 e ganhou Montaner através de seu casamento com Talesa. Embora tecnicamente um vassalo do Ducado da Aquitânia, governado na época por Guilherme IX, Gastão efetivamente fez de Béarn um território autônomo.[2]

Gastão lutou na Reconquista na Espanha e liderou um contingente de Béarnais na Primeira Cruzada, sob o comando de Raimundo IV de Toulouse,[3] em 1096. Ele era um dos nobres menores, mas carregava seu próprio estandarte e comandava seus próprios homens.  No cerco de Antioquia de 1097-1098, ele liderou uma das divisões na batalha final contra o poderoso atabeg de Mosul, Kerbogha. Durante a luta pelo poder após a captura de Antioquia, Gastão abandonou Raimundo por Godofredo de Bulhão e marchou com ele para Jerusalém. Gastão e Tancredo foram enviados à frente do exército principal para ocupar Belém e, durante o cerco de Jerusalém de 1099, Gastão estava encarregado das máquinas de cerco de Godofredo. Em 15 de julho de 1099, Gastão estava entre os muitos cruzados que entraram na cidade.[4]

A experiência de Gastão na Reconquista ensinou-lhe que os muçulmanos podiam viver sob o domínio cristão, como mudéjares. Ele preferiu a negociação e o diálogo ao massacre sem sentido, e ele e Tancredo tentaram proteger alguns dos muçulmanos de Jerusalém abrigando-os na Mesquita de Al-Aqsa. No entanto, eles logo foram mortos por outros cruzados, enfurecendo Gaston e Tancredo. Em agosto, Gastão liderou parte da linha central do exército cruzado na batalha de Ascalon de 1099. Após a vitória lá, Gastão voltou para casa com seus homens, assim como a maioria dos outros cruzados.

Retorno e vida posterior

Gastão era um homem piedoso e, ao retornar a Béarn, supervisionou a construção de muitas igrejas destinadas a abrigar peregrinos na rota para Santiago de Compostela. Ele também doou propriedades para a abadia de St. Foy para estabelecer novos edifícios em Morlàas e fez uma doação para a Abadia de Cluny.  Ele também entrou em conflito com algumas igrejas, no entanto; ele defendeu com sucesso suas reivindicações aos territórios da abadia de São Vicente de Lucq e do mosteiro de São Mont.[5]

Gastão participou junto com o companheiro cruzado Centule II de Bigorre no cerco de Saragoça por Afonso I de Aragão em 1118.[6] Ele foi então designado senhorio daquela cidade pelo rei e foi morto em batalha perto de Valência em 1130 contra o governador almorávida da cidade.[7]

Gastão foi sucedido por seu filho Centulle VI com Talèse atuando como regente. Talèse queria unir Béarn e Aragão. Os dois eram, na época, aproximadamente iguais em poder e influência, mas Aragão, em vez disso, uniu-se à Catalunha e Béarn começou a declinar. Os descendentes de Gastão, Gastão VI e Gastão VII, participaram da Cruzada Albigense e da Sétima Cruzada, respectivamente.[2]

Casamento e descendência

Gastão casou-se com Talesa filha de Sancho Ramírez, conde de Ribagorza e senhor de Aibar e Javierrelatre, meio-irmão ilegítimo do rei Sancho Ramírez e filho de Ramiro I de Aragão. Eles tinham:[2]

  • Centulle VI[1]
  • Guiscarde, casou-se com o visconde Pierre de Gabarret[1]

Referências

  1. a b c Débax 2008, p. 132.
  2. a b c de Mandach 1993, p. 24.
  3. O'Callaghan 2013, p. 35.
  4. Riley-Smith 2003, p. 76, 78.
  5. Asbridge 2004, p. 73.
  6. Riley-Smith 2005, p. 116.
  7. Barton & Fletcher 2000, p. 154.

Fontes

  • Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press 
  • Barton, Simon; Fletcher, Richard, eds. (2000). The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest. [S.l.]: Manchester University Press 
  • Débax, Hélène, ed. (2008). Vicomtes et vicomtés dans l'Occident médiéval (em francês). [S.l.]: Presses Universitaires du Mirail 
  • de Mandach, André (1993). Naissance et développement de la chanson de geste en Europe (em francês). 6. [S.l.]: Librairie Droz 
  • O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. [S.l.]: University of Pennsylvania Press 
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (2003). The First Crusade and Idea of Crusading. [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Academic 
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005). The Crusades: A History. [S.l.]: A&C Black. 116 páginas. ISBN 9780826472694 
  • Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, London, 1951,
  • Pierre Tucoo-Chala, La Vicomté de Béarn et le Problème de sa Souveraineté, des Origines à 1260. Bordeaux, 1961.

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