Expansão banta

Visão cronológica após Nurse e Philippson (2003):[1]
1 = 4 000–3 500  AP: origem não verificada
2 = 3 500 BP: initial expansion
"separação inicial": 2.a = Oriental,    2.b = Ocidental[2]
3 = 2 000–1 500 AP: núcleo Urewe do Bantu Oriental
4–7: avanço para o sul
9 = 2 500 BP: Núcleo do Congo
10 = 2 000–1 000 BP: última fase
Mapa indicando a propagação do início da Idade do Ferro em toda a África; todos os números são datas AD, exceto para a data "250 aC"

A antropologia refere-se à expansão banta como um movimento de povos que ao longo de três milénios terá espalhado as línguas banto em praticamente toda a África subsaariana.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Com a definição do termo "banto" em 1862, o Dr. Wilhelm Bleek avançou a hipótese do enorme número de línguas com características comuns terem tido origem numa única língua.

Existem duas teorias básicas sobre a origem dos bantu: a primeira, de Joseph Greenberg (1963), indicava que um grupo de línguas do sueste da Nigéria era o mais próximo das restantes línguas bantu e ele propôs que uma dessas línguas se teria espalhado para sul e leste, ao longo de centenas de anos.

Malcolm Guthrie analisou várias línguas bantu e concluiu que as mais estereotípicas eram as da Zâmbia e sul da actual República Democrática do Congo, propondo teoria alternativa de ser esta região a originária dos bantu. Esta teoria é apoiada por fontes norte-africanas e do Médio Oriente que não falam da existência de bantus a norte de Moçambique antes do ano 1000.

Hoje em dia, é mais aceite uma síntese daquelas duas teorias: os bantu teriam tido origem na região dos rios Benue-Cross, no sueste da Nigéria e teriam emigrado primeiro para a região onde se encontra hoje a Zâmbia. Por volta do segundo milénio a.C., provavelmente impelidos pela desertificação do Saara, e pela consequente pressão dos saarauis emigrando para aquela região, eles foram forçados a espalhar-se pelas florestas tropicais da África central (fase I). Cerca de 1000 anos mais tarde, eles iniciaram uma segunda fase mais rápida de expansão para as savanas da África austral e oriental.

Durante o primeiro milénio d.C., apareceram na região onde hoje é a Zâmbia novas técnicas agrícolas e novas plantas, provavelmente importadas do Sueste asiático através de Madagascar. Estas novas técnicas possibilitaram uma nova expansão bantu centrada nesta região (fase III).

Por volta do ano 1000 estes povos tinham alcançado o actual Zimbabwe e a África do Sul, onde se estabeleceu o primeiro grande império do hemisfério sul e que teve como capital o Grande Zimbabwe e que controlou as rotas de comércio desde a África do Sul até ao Zambeze e os preciosos ouro, cobre, pedras preciosas, marfim e instrumentos de metal que eram trocados com os comerciantes árabes da costa dos suaílis.

Referências

  1. ↑ Derek Nurse und Gérard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
  2. ↑ Patin, Etienne; Lopez, Marie; Grollemund, Rebecca; Verdu, Paul; Harmant, Christine; Quach, Hélène; Laval, Guillaume; Perry, George H.; Barreiro, Luis B.; Froment, Alain; Heyer, Evelyne; Massougbodji, Achille; Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Migot-Nabias, Florence; Bellis, Gil; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Pereira, Joana B.; Fernandes, Verónica; Pereira, Luisa; Van der Veen, Lolke; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Quintana-Murci, Lluís (5 de maio de 2017). «Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America». Science. 356 (6337): 543–546. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..543P. PMID 28473590. doi:10.1126/science.aal1988. hdl:10216/109265 
  3. ↑ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1172257/DC1/1
  4. ↑ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Niger-Congo_map.png
  5. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15340834
  6. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383166
  7. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109585
  8. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453002
  9. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19425093

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