Evolução dos insetos

Stenophlebia latreillei do Jurássico Superior.

O estudo da evolução dos insetos, abarcado em partes pela paleoentomologia, dedica-se à análise do processo evolutivo pelo qual os insetos passaram ao longo de sua existência no planeta Terra.

Com base nos dados de sequenciação do genoma, estima-se que os insetos tenham surgido na Terra, há cerca de 480 milhões de anos, no Ordoviciano, mais ou menos ao mesmo tempo das plantas terrestres,[1] onde evoluíram a partir de um grupo de crustáceos.[2] Eles foram os primeiros animais a desenvolver o voo, cerca de 400 milhões de anos antes no Devoniano.[1] O Rhyniognatha hirsti é o mais antigo fóssil de inseto, estima-se entre 407 à 396 milhoes de anos. As condições climáticas globais mudaram várias vezes durante a história da Terra, e junto com ele a diversidade de insetos. Os pterigotos (insetos alados) passou por uma grande radiação no Carbonífero (há 356 a 299 milhões de anos), enquanto que os endopterigotos (insetos que possuem metamorfose completa) foram submetidos à outra radiação maior no Permiano (há 299 a 252 milhões de anos).

A maioria das ordens extante de insetos foram desenvolvidas durante o Permiano. Muitos dos primeiros grupos tornaram-se extintos durante a extinção do Permiano-Triássico, o maior evento de extinção da história da Terra, há cerca de 252 milhões de anos.[3] Os sobreviventes deste evento evoluíram no Triássico (há 252 a 201 milhões de anos), para o que são, essencialmente, as ordens de insetos extantes. A maioria das famílias extantes apareceu no Jurássico (há 201 a 145 milhões de anos).

Em um importante exemplo de coevolução, uma série de grupos de insetos - especialmente os himenópteros e lepidópteros, bem como muitos tipos de dípteros e coleópteros - evoluiu em conjunto com as angiospermas durante o Cretáceo (há 145 a 66 milhões de anos ).[4]

Muitos gêneros extantes desenvolveram-se durante o Cenozoico que começou há cerca de 65 milhões de anos; insetos deste período em diante estão preservados em âmbar, muitas vezes em condições perfeitas. Esses espécimes são facilmente comparados com espécies modernas, e a maioria deles são membros de gêneros existentes.

Referências

  1. ↑ a b «Landmark study on the evolution of insects». ScienceDaily 
  2. ↑ «Where did insects come from? New study establishes relationships among all arthropods». ScienceDaily 
  3. ↑ Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Quicke, D.L.J. (2002). History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers
  4. ↑ J. Stein Carter (29 de março de 2005). Coevolution and Pollination. University of Cincinnati
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