Espalhamento de Thomson

O espalhamento de Thomson é o espalhamento elástico de partículas carregadas por radiação eletromagnética, descrito pelas teorias clássicas do eletromagnetismo. É o Efeito Compton, limitado para partículas com baixa energia, em que a energia cinética da partícula e a frequência do fóton não se alteram em razão do espalhamento. Esse limite só é válido quando a energia do fóton é muito menor que a massa energética da partícula: ν « mc²/h, ou seja, o comprimento de onda da luz é muito maior que o comprimento de onda de Compton da partícula.

Descrição

No limite de baixa energia, o campo elétrico da luz incidente acelera as partículas carregadas, fazendo com que estas emitam radiação com a mesma frequência da onda incidente, e então ocorre o espalhamento da luz. O espalhamento de Thomson é um fenômeno importante para a física do Plasma, e foi explicado pelo físico J. J. Thomson. Contanto que o movimento das partículas seja não-relativístico, sua velocidade seja muito menor que a da luz, a principal causa para a aceleração das partículas é o campo elétrico da luz incidida. A partícula se movimentará em direção ao campo elétrico, resultando em um dipolo de radiação eletromagnética. O movimento das partículas será majoritariamente na direção perpendicular a sua aceleração, e a radiação emitida será polarizada na direção do movimento. Portanto, o espalhamento da luz dependerá da localização do observador, que pode observar uma maior ou menor polarizabilidade.

A componente radial do campo elétrico incidido é paralela a componente radial do movimento de aceleração da partícula carregada. Isso mostra que a amplitude da onda observada será proporcional ao cosseno de X, em que X é o angulo entre a onda incidida e observada. A intensidade, o quadrado da amplitude, é então proporcional a cos²X.

Exemplos

Fonte: <Johnson W.R; Nielsen J.; Cheng K.T. (2012). "Thomson scattering in the average-atom approximation". Physical Review (AIP Publishing) 86>

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