Egípcio demótico

Egípcio demótico

Trecho em demótico na Pedra de Roseta
Tipo Logograma
Línguas Língua egípcia
Período de tempo
 650 a.C. até Século V
Sistemas-pais
Sistemas-filhos
 Meroítica e Alfabeto copta

A escrita demótica, ou sekh shat (escrita para o dia-a-dia) para os egípcios, surgiu no início da 26º dinastia do Egito (667–525 a.C.). É provável que tenha aparecido pela primeira vez na região do delta do Nilo, tendo se espalhado rapidamente pelo país. Acredita-se que o estado egípcio, na época de Psamético I, tendo em vista a centralização da administração do país, empenhou-se para que a escrita demótica se tornasse padrão no Egito.

Antecessora da demótica, a escrita hierática já representava uma grande evolução em relação aos hieróglifos egípcios. Aos poucos, os desenhos minuciosos e realistas dos hieróglifos deram lugar a representações abstratas, em uma escrita cursiva, mais veloz, e realizada em um único sentido (da direita para a esquerda). A demótica, ainda mais abstrata e rápida, se constituiu como uma reformulação da escrita hierática.

Em parte por sua anatomia, em parte pelo incentivo do estado, a escrita demótica passou a ser utilizada na maioria dos registros das atividades dos egípcios, e boa parte do seu corpus sobrevivente consiste de documentos legais. Geralmente esses textos são muito bem escritos, isso sugere que em sua a maioria são produto de uma elite alfabetizada: escribas públicos, funcionários dos templos e representantes das classes ricas.

Apesar de existirem níveis da escrita que eram mais resistentes a mudança, com o seu uso, a demótica se transformou e evoluiu. Responsáveis por cunhar o termo demótica, os gregos também nomearam três estágios da escrita: a demótica precoce (650–400 a.C.), a média demótica (400–30 a.C.) e a demótica tardia (30 a.C.–452 d.C.). Foi na média demótica que a escrita atingiu o seu auge, passando a ser empregada também em textos literários e religiosos.

A maioria dos textos em demótica é de autoria anônima, no entanto é possível distinguir alguns autores individuais: Petiesi de El-hibeh, no Médio Egito, escreveu, ou pelo menos ditou, o Papiro Rylands IX, considerada a obra-prima do antigo demótico. Outro criador de textos demóticos é Hor de Sebenito, no Delta Central, que floresceu na primeira metade do século II, período da demótica tardia.

Bibliografia

  • Betrò, Maria Carmela (1996). Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt. New York; Milan: Abbeville Press (inglês); Arnoldo Mondadori (italiano). pp. 34–239. ISBN 978-0-7892-0232-1 
  • Depauw, Mark (1997). A Companion to Demotic Studies. Col: Papyrologica Bruxellensia, No. 28. Bruxelles: Fondation égyptologique reine Élisabeth 
  • Johnson, Janet H. (1986). Thus Wrote ꜥOnchsheshonqy: An Introductory Grammar of Demotic. Col: Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No. 45. Chicago: The Oriental Institute 

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