Efeito Wolff–Chaikoff

O efeito Wolff–Chaikoff,[1] descoberto pelos Drs. Jan Wolff e Israel Lyon Chaikoff na Universidade da Califórnia, é uma redução dos níveis de hormônios tireoidianos causada pela ingestão de grandes quantidades de iodo.[2] Em 1948, Wolff e Chaikoff relataram que a injeção de iodo em ratos inibia quase completamente a organificação (oxidação do iodeto) na glândula tireoide.[3][4] Pacientes com doença de Graves são mais sensíveis do que pacientes com funções tireoidianas normais,[5] e o iodo tem sido aplicado no tratamento dessa doença.

O efeito Wolff–Chaikoff é um fenômeno autorregulatório que inibe a organificação na glândula tireoide, a formação dos hormônios tireoidianos no interior dos folículos da glândula e a liberação dos hormônios tireoidianos na corrente sanguínea.[6] O efeito Wolff-Chaikoff é um meio eficiente de o organismo rejeitar grandes quantidades de iodo ingeridas, prevenindo a tireoide de sintetizar grandes quantidades de hormônios tireoidianos.[7] O efeito dura vários dias (cerca de 10 dias), seguindo-se de um "fenômeno de escape",[8] que é descrito como uma retomada da organificação normal do iodo e a normalização da função da tireoperoxidase. Acredita-se que esse "fenômeno de escape" ocorra por causa de uma redução das concentrações de iodo inorgânico secundária à inibição da expressão do transportador de simporte sódio-iodeto (NIS) localizado na membrana basolateral da célula tireoidiana folicular.

O efeito Wolff–Chaikoff pode ser usado como tratamento, principalmente do hipertireoidismo (especialmente da tempestade tireoidiana), através da infusão de grandes quantidades de iodo para suprimir a glândula tireoide. O iodeto era usado para tratar o hipertireoidismo antes das drogas antireoidianas, como o propiltiouracila e o metimazole, serem desenvolvidas. Os indivíduos com hipertireoidismo que recebem iodeto devem experimentar uma queda no nível metabólico basal que é comparável ao observado após a tireoidectomia.[6] O efeito Wolff–Chaikoff também explica o hipotireoidismo produzido em alguns pacientes por algumas drogas contendo iodo, como a amiodarona. O efeito Wolff–Chaikoff também é parte do mecanismo que justifica o uso de iodeto de potássio em emergências nucleares.[9][10][11]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Dorland (2011). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. [S.l.]: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2083. ISBN 9781416062578 
  2. Fisiologia no MCG: 5/5ch5/s5ch5_6
  3. Panneels, V.; Juvenal, G.; Boeynaems, J.M.; Durmont, J.E.; Sande, J. Van (2009). «Iodide Effects on the Thyroid: Biochemical, Physiological, Pharmacological, and Clinical Effects of Iodide in the Thyroid». In: Preedy, Victor R.; Burrow, Gerard N.; Watson, Ronald Ross. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. [S.l.]: Academic Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780080920863 
  4. Wolff J, Chaikoff IL (1948). «Plasma inorganic iodide as a homeostatic regulator of thyroid function». J Biol Chem. 174 (2): 555–564 
  5. King; Tekoa, Mary Brucker (2010). Pharmacology for Women's Health. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 549. ISBN 9780763753290 
  6. a b Goodman, Louis Sanford; Gilman, Alfred Goodman (1996). Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics 9th ed. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill. p. 1402. ISBN 978-0-07-026266-9 
  7. Markou, K (maio de 2001). «Iodine induced hypothyroidism». Thyroid. 11 (5): 501-10. PMID 11396709 
  8. Eng P, Cardona G, Fang S, Previti M, Alex S, Carrasco N, Chin W, Braverman L (1999). «Escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect is associated with a decrease in thyroid sodium/iodide symporter messenger ribonucleic acid and protein». Endocrinology. 140 (8): 3404–10. PMID 10433193. doi:10.1210/en.140.8.3404 
  9. Sternthal E, Lipworth L, Stanley B, Abreau C, Fang SL, Braverman LE (1980). «Suppression of thyroid radioiodine uptake by various doses of stable iodide». N Engl J Med. 303 (19): 1083-8. PMID 7421914. doi:10.1056/nejm198011063031903. The effect is rapid because of rapid inhibition of intrathyroid organification of iodide (acute Wolff–Chaikoff effect) and saturation of the iodide-transport mechanism. 
  10. Becker DV (1983). «Physiological basis for the use of potassium iodide as a thyroid blocking agent logistic issues in its distribution» (PDF). Bull N Y Acad Med. 59 (10): 1003–8. PMID 6582961. In larger amounts [potassium iodide] acts immediately to block further uptake of iodide by several means, particularly by saturating the iodide transport mechanisms of the thyroid, by inhibiting the intrathyroidal organification of iodide, and by simple dilution. 
  11. Adelstein SJ (1991). “Intervention procedures for radionuclides.” Anticarcinogenesis and Radiation Protection 2. Springer US. pp. 227-8. "'Cold' iodide is effective in four ways: (a) by diluting the entering iodide pool; (b) by saturating the iodide transport system; (c) by blocking organification of iodide and thus inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis (the Wolff-Chaikoff effect); and (d) by promoting excretion and thus lowering the total body dose."

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