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Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon, por Henry Walton,
na National Portrait Gallery, Londres
Nascimento 8 de maio de 1737
Putney, Inglaterra, Reino da Grã-Bretanha
Morte 16 de janeiro de 1794 (56 anos)
Londres, Inglaterra, Reino da Grã-Bretanha
Nacionalidade inglês
Ocupação historiador
Filiação Whig
Magnum opus A História do Declínio e Queda do Império Romano

Edward Gibbon (Putney, 27 de abril de 1737Londres, 16 de janeiro de 1794) foi um historiador inglês, autor de A História do Declínio e Queda do Império Romano.[1][2]

Vida

Nasceu em família relativamente rica, dona de uma propriedade em Hampshire. Filho único, foi educado por uma tia a partir dos 10 anos, em razão da morte de sua mãe. Teve uma saúde precária durante a infância. Aos 14 anos, o pai enviou-o para a Universidade de Oxford. Seu pai ficou alarmado quando o jovem Gibbon começou a dar sinais de simpatia pela igreja católica. Eram os tempos das controvérsias religiosas de Oxford (uma universidade onde os católicos tiveram alguma influência, apesar de reprimidos oficialmente).[2]

Neste tempo, a religião católica em Inglaterra era reprimida. Para um digno senhor inglês, a conversão ao catolicismo no século XVIII acarretaria implicações significativas para o resto da vida. Muitas portas se lhe fechariam no futuro. Para evitar esta ocorrência, o pai de Gibbon retirou-o da universidade e enviou-o para o senhor M. Pavilliard, pastor protestante e tutor privado em Lausanne, Suíça. Ficou naquela cidade durante cinco anos, adquirindo uma vasta cultura.[2]

A sua educação em Lausanne teria um impacto profundo e duradouro. Ele escreveu em suas memórias que, "qualquer que tenha sido o fruto da minha educação, ele deverá ser atribuído à afortunada expulsão que me colocou em Lausanne… Aquilo que sou, no espírito, na aprendizagem ou em maneiras, devo-o a Lausanne: foi nessa escola que a estátua se fez a partir do bloco de mármore". Sir Hugh Trevor-Roper disse que "sem a experiência de Lausanne não teria havido A história do declínio e queda do império romano".[2]

Em 1757, imbuído do ceticismo iluminista, Gibbon retornou para a Inglaterra, onde foi capitão da milícia de Hampshire por dois anos. A seguir, dedicou-se aos estudos históricos e começou a escrever.[2]

Em 1761 publicou (em francês) Ensaio sobre o estudo da literatura. Dois anos depois faz viagem pela Europa e em Roma surgiu a ideia de sua grande obra: História do declínio e queda do império romano, obra esta que cobre não somente a história da Roma imperial mas também do Império Bizantino e da Alta Idade Média ocidental.[2]

Após a morte de seu pai em 1770, Gibbon retorna uma vez mais para a Inglaterra. Foi membro do Parlamento (1774/83) e se fez notar pela violenta oposição à independência das colônias americanas.[2]

Depois de sete anos de trabalho, publicou a primeira parte de sua obra. Obteve sucesso imediato, apesar das polêmicas motivadas por sua interpretação nacionalista das origens do cristianismo. Em 1783 retornou para Lausanne, onde terminou sua História. Cinco anos depois publicou-a integralmente na Inglaterra. Em 1793 escreveu uma Autobiografia, que foi publicada postumamente em 1796.[2]

Sua A História do declínio e queda do império romano é um marco na historiografia de língua inglesa. Continua a ser uma obra de referência.[2]

Faleceu em Londres no dia 16 de janeiro de 1794. Encontra-se sepultado em St Andrew and St Mary the Virgin Churchyard, Fletching, East Sussex na Inglaterra.[3]

Principal trabalho

Monografias de Gibbon

  • Essai sur l’Étude de la Littérature (London: Becket & De Hondt, 1761).
  • Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of [Vergil's] 'The Aeneid' (London: Elmsley, 1770).
  • The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (vol. I, 1776; vols. II, III, 1781; vols. IV, V, VI, 1788–1789). all London: Strahan & Cadell.
  • A Vindication of some passages in the fifteenth and sixteenth chapters of the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: J. Dodsley, 1779).
  • Mémoire Justificatif pour servir de Réponse à l’Exposé, etc. de la Cour de France (London: Harrison & Brooke, 1779).

Outros escritos de Gibbon

  • "Lettre sur le gouvernement de Berne" [Letter No. IX. Mr. Gibbon to *** on the Government of Berne], in Miscellaneous Works, First (1796) edition, vol. 1 (below). Scholars differ on the date of its composition (Norman, D.M. Low: 1758–59; Pocock: 1763–64).
  • Mémoires Littéraires de la Grande-Bretagne. co-author: Georges Deyverdun (2 vols.: vol. 1, London: Becket & De Hondt, 1767; vol. 2, London: Heydinger, 1768).
  • Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon, Esq., ed. John Lord Sheffield (2 vols., London: Cadell & Davies, 1796; 5 vols., London: J. Murray, 1814; 3 vols., London: J. Murray, 1815). Includes Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Edward Gibbon, Esq..
  • Autobiographies of Edward Gibbon, ed. John Murray (London: J. Murray, 1896). EG's complete memoirs (six drafts) from the original manuscripts.
  • The Private Letters of Edward Gibbon, 2 vols., ed. Rowland E. Prothero (London: J. Murray, 1896).
  • The works of Edward Gibbon, Volume 3 1906.
  • Gibbon's Journal to 28 January 1763, ed. D.M. Low (London: Chatto and Windus, 1929).
  • Le Journal de Gibbon à Lausanne, ed. Georges A. Bonnard (Lausanne: Librairie de l'Université, 1945).
  • Miscellanea Gibboniana, eds. G.R. de Beer, L. Junod, G.A. Bonnard (Lausanne: Librairie de l'Université, 1952).
  • The Letters of Edward Gibbon, 3 vols., ed. J.E. Norton (London: Cassell & Co., 1956). vol. 1: 1750–1773; vol. 2: 1774–1784; vol. 3: 1784–1794. cited as 'Norton, Letters'.
  • Gibbon's Journey from Geneva to Rome, ed. G.A. Bonnard (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1961). journal.
  • Edward Gibbon: Memoirs of My Life, ed. G.A. Bonnard (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969; 1966). portions of EG's memoirs arranged chronologically, omitting repetition.
  • The English Essays of Edward Gibbon, ed. Patricia Craddock (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972); hb: ISBN 0-19-812496-1.

Referências

Ligações externas

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