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A percepção de que dinossauros são intimamente relacionados com as aves levantou a possibilidade óbvia da existência de dinossauros emplumados. Fósseis de Archaeopteryx possuem penas bem preservadas, mas até o início da década de 1990 que claramente fósseis não-aviários de dinossauros, foram descobertos com penas preservadas. Hoje há mais de vinte gêneros de dinossauros com penas fósseis, quase todos são terópodes. A maioria é da Formação Yixian da China. As penas fósseis de um espécime, Shuvuuia deserti, apresentou teste positivo em testes imunológicos para a beta-queratina, a principal proteína nas penas das aves.^[1] Em 2015, um dinossauro com penas, ossos e tecidos moles de 99 milhões de anos de idade foi descoberto em Mianmar.^[2]

Conhecimento atual

Gêneros de dinossauros com evidência de penas preservadas

Muitos dinossauros não-aviários são conhecidos por terem tido penas. Evidência direta de penas existe para os seguintes gêneros, listados na ordem atualmente aceita e pela data de publicação. Em todos os exemplos, as evidências descritas consiste de impressões de penas, exceto as marcadas com um asterisco (*), o que denota gêneros conhecido por ter tido as penas com base em provas do esqueleto ou químicas, tais como a presença de "puxadores pena".

Avimimus* (1987)^[3]^[4]
Sinosauropteryx (1996)^[5]
Protarchaeopteryx (1997)^[6]
Caudipteryx (1998)^[7]
Rahonavis* (1998)^[8]
Shuvuuia (1999)^[1]
Sinornithosaurus (1999)^[9]
Beipiaosaurus (1999)^[10]
Microraptor (2000)^[11]
Nomingia* (2000)^[12]
Cryptovolans (2002)^[13]
Scansoriopteryx (2002)^[14]
Epidendrosaurus (2002)^[15]
Psittacosaurus? (2002)^[16]
Yixianosaurus (2003)^[17]
Dilong (2004)^[18]
Pedopenna (2005)^[19]
Jinfengopteryx (2005)^[20]^[21]
Juravenator? (2006)^[22]
Sinocalliopteryx (2007)^[23]
Velociraptor* (2007)
Epidexipteryx (2008)^[24]
Anchiornis (2009)^[25]
Tianyulong? (2009)^[26]

Nota, estruturas filamentosas em alguns dinossauros do grupo Ornithischia (Psittacosaurus, Tianyulong) e pterossauros podem ou não ser homólogas com as penas e proto-penas dos terópodes.^[26]^[27]

Coelurosauria

unnamed

	Albertosaurus

	Tyrannosaurus

unnamed

Compsognathidae

	Compsognathus

	Sinosauropteryx

	Huaxiagnathus

	Juravenator

unnamed

unnamed

unnamed

	Shuvuuia

	Mononykus

unnamed

Oviraptorosauria

Caudipteryx

unnamed

	Conchoraptor

	Citipati

unnamed

Troodontidae

Dromaeosauridae

Microraptor

unnamed

	Velociraptor

	Sinornithosaurus

Aves

	Archaeopteryx

	Confuciusornis

Referências

↑ ^a ^b Schweitzer, Mary Higby, Watt, J.A., Avci, R., Knapp, L., Chiappe, L, Norell, Mark A., Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-Keratin Specific Immunological reactivity in Feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Mol Dev Evol) 285:146-157
↑ «'1st of its kind': 99 million-year-old feathered dinosaur tail discovered in Myanmar» publicado por "TV-Novosti" (2016)
↑ Kurzanov, S.M. (1987). "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds." Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, 31: 5-92. [in Russian]
↑ Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.M. (2002). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 536 pp. ISBN 0-520-20094-2
↑ Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1996). "On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds." Chinese Geology 10 (233): 30-33.
↑ Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1997). "A Chinese archaeopterygian, Protarchaeopteryx gen. nov." Geological Science and Technology (Di Zhi Ke Ji), 238: 38-41. Translated By Will Downs Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University January, 2001
↑ Qiang, J., .Currie, P.J., Norell., M.A. & Shu-An, J., 1998. Two feathered dinosaursfrom northeastern China. Nature 393 753-761.
↑ Forster, Catherine A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Chiappe, Luis M. & Krause, David W. (1998a). «The Theropod Ancestry of Birds: New Evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar». Science (5358): 1915–1919 . doi:10.1126/science.279.5358.1915 (HTML abstract)
↑ Xu, X., Wang, X., Wu, X., 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401:6750 262-266 doi 10.1038/45769
↑ Xu. X., Zhao, X., Clark, J.M., 1999. A new therizinosaur from the Lower Jurassic lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:3 477–483 doi 10.1671/0272-4634
↑ Xu, X., Zhou, Z., and Wang, X. (2000). "The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur." Nature, 408 (December): 705-708.[1] Arquivado em 17 de dezembro de 2008, no Wayback Machine.
↑ Barsbold, R., Osmólska, H., Watabe, M., Currie, P.J., and Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) From Mongolia: The First Dinosaur With A Pygostyle". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 45(2): 97-106.
↑ Czerkas, S.A., Zhang, D., Li, J., and Li, Y. (2002). «Flying Dromaeosaurs». In: Czerkas, S.J. Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight: The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1. http://www.dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/flying_dromaeosaurs.pdf. Blanding: The Dinosaur Museum. pp. 16–26
↑ Czerkas, S.A., and Yuan, C. (2002). "An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China." Pp. 63-95 in Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.), Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight. The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1. The Dinosaur Museum, Blanding, U.S.A. PDF abridged version
↑ Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X. & Wang, X. (2002). "A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod from China indicates arboreal habits." Naturwissenschaften, 89(9): 394-398. doi=10.1007 /s00114-002-0353-8.
↑ Mayr, G., Peters, D.S., Plodowski, G. and Vogel, O. (2002). "Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus." Naturwissenschaften, 89: 361–365.
↑ Xu, X. and Wang, X.-L. (2003). "A new maniraptoran from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning." Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 41(3): 195–202.
↑ Xu, X., Norell, M. A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q., Jia, C. (2004). «Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids». Nature. 431: 680–684. doi:10.1038/nature02855
↑ Xu, X., and Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus." Naturwissenschaften, 92(4): 173 - 177.
↑ Ji, Q., Ji, S., Lu, J., You, H., Chen, W., Liu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2005). "First avialan bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)." Geological Bulletin of China, 24(3): 197-205.
↑ Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark (2007). «A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight» (PDF). Science. 317: 1378–1381. PMID 17823350. doi:10.1126/science.1144066
↑ Goehlich, U.B., Tischlinger, H., and Chiappe, L.M. (2006). "Juraventaor starki (Reptilia, Theropoda) ein nuer Raubdinosaurier aus dem Oberjura der Suedlichen Frankenalb (Sueddeutschland): Skelettanatomie und Wiechteilbefunde." Archaeopteryx, 24: 1-26.
↑ Ji, S., Ji, Q., Lu J., and Yuan, C. (2007). "A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 8-15.
↑ Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Wang, X., & Sullivan, C. (2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers." Available from Nature Precedings, doi:10.1038/npre.2008.2326.1 [2].
↑ Xu, X., Zhao, Q., Norell, M., Sullivan, C., Hone, D., Erickson, G., Wang, X., Han, F. and Guo, Y. (in press). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin." Chinese Science Bulletin, 6 pages, accepted November 15, 2008.
↑ ^a ^b Zheng, X.-T., You, H.-L., Xu, X. and Dong, Z.-M. (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures." Nature, 458(19): 333-336. doi:10.1038/nature07856
↑ Czerkas, S.A., and Ji, Q. (2002). "A new rhamphorhynchoid with a headcrest and complex integumentary structures." Pp. 15-41 in: Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.). Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight. Blanding, Utah: The Dinosaur Museum. ISBN 1-932075-01-1.

Ver também

Origem das aves

Ligações externas

«DinoBuzz». , dinosaur-bird controversy explained, by UC Berkeley.
«Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology». , with many articles on dinosaur-bird links.
«Life-like images of feathered dinosaurs»

[Schweitzeretal1999-1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, Watt, J.A., Avci, R., Knapp, L., Chiappe, L, Norell, Mark A., Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-Keratin Specific Immunological reactivity in Feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Mol Dev Evol) 285:146-157

[2] «'1st of its kind': 99 million-year-old feathered dinosaur tail discovered in Myanmar» publicado por "TV-Novosti" (2016)

[kurzanov1987-3] Kurzanov, S.M. (1987). "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds." Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, 31: 5-92. [in Russian]

[chiappe&witmer2002-4] Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.M. (2002). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 536 pp. ISBN 0-520-20094-2

[jiji1996-5] Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1996). "On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds." Chinese Geology 10 (233): 30-33.

[ji&ji1997-6] Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1997). "A Chinese archaeopterygian, Protarchaeopteryx gen. nov." Geological Science and Technology (Di Zhi Ke Ji), 238: 38-41. Translated By Will Downs Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University January, 2001

[Qiang_et_al_1998-7] Qiang, J., .Currie, P.J., Norell., M.A. & Shu-An, J., 1998. Two feathered dinosaursfrom northeastern China. Nature 393 753-761.

[forsteretal1998a-8] Forster, Catherine A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Chiappe, Luis M. & Krause, David W. (1998a). «The Theropod Ancestry of Birds: New Evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar». Science (5358): 1915–1919 . doi:10.1126/science.279.5358.1915 (HTML abstract)

[Xu_et_al_1999_a-9] Xu, X., Wang, X., Wu, X., 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401:6750 262-266 doi 10.1038/45769

[Xu_et_al_1999_b-10] Xu. X., Zhao, X., Clark, J.M., 1999. A new therizinosaur from the Lower Jurassic lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:3 477–483 doi 10.1671/0272-4634

[Xu2000-11] Xu, X., Zhou, Z., and Wang, X. (2000). "The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur." Nature, 408 (December): 705-708.[1] Arquivado em 17 de dezembro de 2008, no Wayback Machine.

[barsboldetal2000-12] Barsbold, R., Osmólska, H., Watabe, M., Currie, P.J., and Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) From Mongolia: The First Dinosaur With A Pygostyle". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 45(2): 97-106.

[czerkasetal2002-13] Czerkas, S.A., Zhang, D., Li, J., and Li, Y. (2002). «Flying Dromaeosaurs». In: Czerkas, S.J. Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight: The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1. http://www.dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/flying_dromaeosaurs.pdf. Blanding: The Dinosaur Museum. pp. 16–26

[czerkas2002-14] Czerkas, S.A., and Yuan, C. (2002). "An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China." Pp. 63-95 in Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.), Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight. The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1. The Dinosaur Museum, Blanding, U.S.A. PDF abridged version

[zhang2002-15] Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X. & Wang, X. (2002). "A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod from China indicates arboreal habits." Naturwissenschaften, 89(9): 394-398. doi=10.1007 /s00114-002-0353-8.

[mayretal2002-16] Mayr, G., Peters, D.S., Plodowski, G. and Vogel, O. (2002). "Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus." Naturwissenschaften, 89: 361–365.

[Xuetal2003-17] Xu, X. and Wang, X.-L. (2003). "A new maniraptoran from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning." Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 41(3): 195–202.

[xuetal2004-18] Xu, X., Norell, M. A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q., Jia, C. (2004). «Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids». Nature. 431: 680–684. doi:10.1038/nature02855

[xu&zhang2005-19] Xu, X., and Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus." Naturwissenschaften, 92(4): 173 - 177.

[Jietal05-20] Ji, Q., Ji, S., Lu, J., You, H., Chen, W., Liu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2005). "First avialan bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)." Geological Bulletin of China, 24(3): 197-205.

[AHTetal07-21] Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark (2007). «A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight» (PDF). Science. 317: 1378–1381. PMID 17823350. doi:10.1126/science.1144066

[Goehlich2006-22] Goehlich, U.B., Tischlinger, H., and Chiappe, L.M. (2006). "Juraventaor starki (Reptilia, Theropoda) ein nuer Raubdinosaurier aus dem Oberjura der Suedlichen Frankenalb (Sueddeutschland): Skelettanatomie und Wiechteilbefunde." Archaeopteryx, 24: 1-26.

[jietall2007-23] Ji, S., Ji, Q., Lu J., and Yuan, C. (2007). "A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 8-15.

[epidex-24] Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Wang, X., & Sullivan, C. (2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers." Available from Nature Precedings, doi:10.1038/npre.2008.2326.1 [2].

[anchiadvance-25] Xu, X., Zhao, Q., Norell, M., Sullivan, C., Hone, D., Erickson, G., Wang, X., Han, F. and Guo, Y. (in press). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin." Chinese Science Bulletin, 6 pages, accepted November 15, 2008.

[zhengetal2009-26] Zheng, X.-T., You, H.-L., Xu, X. and Dong, Z.-M. (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures." Nature, 458(19): 333-336. doi:10.1038/nature07856

[CJ02-27] Czerkas, S.A., and Ji, Q. (2002). "A new rhamphorhynchoid with a headcrest and complex integumentary structures." Pp. 15-41 in: Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.). Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight. Blanding, Utah: The Dinosaur Museum. ISBN 1-932075-01-1.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Dinossauros emplumados

Conhecimento atual

Gêneros de dinossauros com evidência de penas preservadas

Referências

Ver também

Ligações externas

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