Código de Nemequene

Nemequene representado num gravado da História Geral das Conquistas do Novo Reino de Granada (1688), do cronista Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita.

O Código de Nemequene foi um conjunto de leis promulgadas por Nemequene, terceiro zipa de Bacatá, que governou entre 1490 e 1514. O Código de Nemequene é um marco dentro do direito indígena pré-colombiano e, comparativamente, é muito similar à noção ocidental de Direito consuetudinario. As principais fontes de informação sobre o Código de Nemequene são os cronistas espanhóis Juan de Castelhanos (o primeiro que o põe por escrito), Fray Pedro Simón e Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita.[1]

Boa parte das normas estabelecidas por Nemequene permaneceram vigentes inclusive após a conquista espanhola. Em 1676, o cronista Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita declarava que os muiscas cumpriam as normas do Código de Nemequene com tanta pontualidade, que ainda permaneciam parcialmente vigentes, ainda que com a imposição das leis espanholas já se estavam a deixar no esquecimento.[2] Por outra parte, alguns especialistas como o professor Vicente Restrepo opinam que o que Nemequene fez em seu Código foi recopilar e pôr em vigor as antigas leis as reformando de acordo com as necessidades de seu tempo. Para isto, o professor Restrepo se baseia no depoimento do cronista Fray Pedro Simón, que apresenta o conteúdo do Código como "leis de grande antiguidade".[3] Por conseguinte, Nemequene era considerado pelos muiscas como o grande legislador após Bochica.[4]

Conteúdo

As leis do Código de Nemequene eram as seguintes:[2][3][4]

  • Pena de morte contra o homicida, ainda que perdoassem-lhe a mulher, os pais e os parentes da vítima, pois só Chiminigagua, quem dava a vida, podia perdoar ao que a tirava.
  • Pena de morte para o homem solteiro que violasse a uma mulher. Em caso que o homem fosse casado, permitir-se-lhe-ia a dois homens solteiros dormir com sua esposa, pois esta desonra era considerada pelos muiscas pior que a morte.
  • O homem que cometesse incesto com sua mãe, filha, irmã ou sobrinha, seria metido num poço estreito cheio de água, répteis e insetos, e coberto por uma pedra grande até que morresse. O mesmo para as mulheres que incorressem no mesmo delito.
  • Se uma mulher morria ao dar a luz, mas sobrevivia o bebê, o marido da defunta devia fazer-se responsável pela criação. Em caso que o bebê também morresse, o marido devia dar a metade de seus bens a seus sogros, ou aos irmãos ou parentes mais próximos de seu defunta esposa. Se o marido não tinha posses suficientes, devia entregar aos herdeiros de sua esposa um bom número de mantas de algodão. Em caso contrário, perseguir-se-lhe-ia até dar-lhe morte.
  • Ao ladrão de menor quantia sentenciava-se-lhe à pena de açoites. Ao ladrão de maior quantia deixava-se-lhe cego aplicando-lhe fogo adiante dos olhos. Ao ladrão reincidente, fincavam-se-lhe espinhas nos olhos.
  • Nenhum cacique ou nobre, por importante que fora, podia subir em andas, somente o zipa ou a pessoa a quem ele concedesse essa mordomia (as andas eram um tabuleiro com uma cadeira que, sustentado por duas varas paralelas e horizontais, servia para conduzir ao zipa sobre os ombros de seus criados).
  • Só os uzaques (caciques feudatários de mais alta hierarquia após o zipa) tinham permissão para furar seus narizes para se pôr adereços, e perfurar suas orelhas para se pôr pendentes e as jóias que quisessem.
  • Os bens das pessoas que morriam sem herdeiros legítimos passavam a ser propriedade do zipa. Os únicos herdeiros legítimos eram os sobrinhos, os irmãos e os filhos, nessa ordem.
  • Ao güecha que mostrasse covardia quando fosse convocado para a guerra, ou estando nela, despojar-se-lhe-ia de suas vestiduras de homem e obrigar-se-lhe-ia a se vestir de mulher, ocupando nos trabalhos que consideravam próprias do sexo feminino pelo tempo que o zipa julgasse conveniente.
  • Pena de morte ao güecha que se retirasse da batalha dantes de que o fizesse seu capitão.
  • Para delitos menores ou leves, as penas mais comuns eram romper a manta do delinquente ou cortar-lhe o cabelo.

Referências

  1. Sánchez Gutiérrez, Enrique y Molina Echeverri Hernán (compiladores).
  2. a b Piedrahita, Lucas Fernández de.
  3. a b Restrepo, Vicente.
  4. a b Zerda, Liborio.

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