Cílio

 Nota: Para os pêlos que guarnecem as bordas externas das pálpebras, veja Celha. Para a antiga cidade do Norte de África, veja Kasserine.
Os cílios vistos por um microscópio.

Em citologia, cílios (Latim para celha;[1] o plural é cílios) é uma organela encontrada em células eucarióticas. Cílios são protuberâncias finas que projetam um corpo celular muito maior.[2]

Os cílios são estruturalmente idênticos aos flagelos e, por essa razão, estes termos são muitas vezes usados para as mesmas estruturas. No entanto, geralmente usa-se o termo cílios nos casos em que eles são numerosos e curtos.

Os cílios encontram-se em todas as espécies de animais excepto nos artrópodes e nemátodes. São raros nas plantas, mas ocorrem, por exemplo, nas cicadáceas. Os protozoários com cílios (por exemplo, do filo Ciliophora ou ciliados) usam-nos na locomoção ou simplesmente para moverem o líquido em que se encontram.

O ser humano e os outros mamíferos têm células ciliadas no revestimento interno da traqueia e brônquios, que servem para reter muco e poeira que poderiam prejudicar os pulmões, e também nos ovidutos, onde eles ajudam o óvulo a mover-se do ovário para o útero.

Em alguns tecidos, os cílios podem ter função sensorial e até sofrer modificações em sua estrutura. Estes cílios sensoriais são denominados quinocílios e são exemplos de sua ocorrência o epitélio sensorial da mucosa olfativa, o epitélio da retina e aqueles associados com as funções de equilíbrio e audição no ouvido interno, máculas e órgão de Corti, respectivamente.

Cada cílio é formado por uma membrana que protege uma matriz de nove pares de microtúbulos que rodeia um núcleo central de dois microtúbulos. Normalmente chama-se a este tipo de organização uma estrutura 9(2) + 2.

Estrutura

1) Axonema: constituído por microtúbulos dispostos em pares, que se prolongam do corpo basal. Cada par é composto por um microtúbulo A, com 13 protofilamentos, e um microtúbulo B, composto por 10 protofilamentos. No caso dos cílios motores, existem 9+2 pares de microtúbulos; no caso dos cílios primários existem 9+0 pares de microtúbulos. Por esses microtúbulos, ocorre o transporte intraflagelar (IFT), que é bidirecional, podendo ser anterógrado ou retrógrado. No caso do movimento anterógrado, a proteína motora mais atuante é a cinesina, com movimento de vesícula do corpo basal para o ápice do cílio. No caso do movimento retrógrado, a proteína motora mais atuante é a dineína, com movimento de vesícula do ápice do cílio para o corpo basal.

2) Corpo Basal: constituído por microtúbulos gama-tubulinas, originados pelo centríolo. São responsáveis por mediar o transporte entre as membranas citoplasmáticas e ciliares, sendo também ponto de ancoragem do axonema e de início da polimerização dos microtúbulos.

3) Membrana Ciliar: membrana plasmática especializada que envolve o axonema.

Referências

  1. ↑ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 336
  2. ↑ Gardiner, Mary Beth (setembro de 2005). «The Importance of Being Cilia». Howard Hughes Medical Institute. HHMI Bulletin (em inglês). 18 (2) 
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