Cumiques

Cumiques
Къумукълар
Bandeira dos cumiques do Daguestão
Acadêmicos, educadores e figuras públicas cumiques (1920)
População total

c. 515 000

Regiões com população significativa
 Rússia 503 060 (2010) [1]
       Daguestão 431 736 (2010) [1]
 Turquia 10 000 [2]
 Ucrânia 718 (2001) [3]
 Uzbequistão 1 200 (2016) [4]
Cazaquistão 481 (2009) [5]
 Bielorrússia 360 (2009) [6]
 Letônia 33 (2020) [7]
Línguas
Russo, Kumik
Religiões
Islão sunita
Etnia
Turcomanos
Grupos étnicos relacionados
Tártaros da Criméia, bálcaros, carachais

Os Cumiques (Koumyks; Къумукълар em russo: кумыки) são um povo Turcomano, que vive no planalto do mesmo nome, no leste do Daguestão, na Rússia, ao sul do rio Terek, às margens do Mar Cáspio. Sua população no local é de cerca de 430 mil pessoas, falam a língua kumyk, e são muçulmanos Sunitas, embora haja resquícios de cultos anteriores à sua islamização.

História

Supõe-se que são os povos Kamis ou Kamaks aos quais Ptolomeu se referiu. Muitos exploradores os veem com descendentes dos Cazares e A. Vambry supõe que ali tenham se estabelecido durante o apogeu do Império Cazar no século VIII.

Do século XVI ao século XVIII, formaram um reino independente, cujo centro era Tarki (proximidades de Mahackala) e era governado por um Shamkal. Sua influência variou muito durante esse período, mas pode ser considerado que ocupava aproximadamente o atual território do Daguestão.

Sua civilização é mais antiga do que as das demais tribos dessa região, mas eles sempre respeitaram as terras dos Nogais, que viviam ao norte do Terek, em terras mais férteis. Os russos se estabeleceram em suas terras e continuaram sua conquista durante o reinado de Pedro, o Grande. A área se tornou estratégica durante a Guerra Russo-Persa (1722-1723).

Mais recentemente tem havido um movimento nacionalista liderado, dentre outros por Salau Aliyev, que reivindica a soberania dos Cumiques, separando-os do Daguestão. Essa ideia se inspira nos Cazares e no apoio do Shamkalat de Tarki.[8].

Notas

  1. ↑ a b Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity Arquivado em 2012-04-24 no Wayback Machine (em russo)
  2. ↑ «Кумыкский мир | Так какова же все-таки численность кумыков в Турции?» 
  3. ↑ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  4. ↑ «Uzbekistan | Joshua Project» 
  5. ↑ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. Arquivado em maio 1, 2012, no Wayback Machine (Национальный состав населения)
  6. ↑ «Перепись населения Республики Беларусь 2009 года. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ПО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ» (PDF). belstat.gov.by. Consultado em 16 de outubro de 2011. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 18 de janeiro de 2012 
  7. ↑ Распределение населения Латвии по национальному составу и государственной принадлежности на 01.01.2020 (em letão)
  8. ↑ Yoav Karny, Highlanders : A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory, New York, Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1999.

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