Crisóquero

Crisóquero
Nacionalidade Império Bizantino
Ocupação General
Religião Paulicianismo

Crisóquero (em grego: Χρυσόχειρ, Χρυσόχερης, Χρυσόχερις ou Χρυσοβεργης; romaniz.: Chrysócheir, Chrysócheres, Chrysócheris ou Chrysocheiros; todas as formas significam "mão de ouro"[1]) foi o último líder do Estado Pauliciano de Tefrique de 863 até 872. Sucedeu seu tio Carbeas após sua morte e realizou inúmeros raides em solo bizantino entre 863-869. Em 869/870, o imperador Basílio I, o Macedônio (r. 867–886) ofereceu-lhe a paz, mas ele recusou-se a aceitar. Em 871, Basílio I realizou uma campanha fracassada contra a capital pauliciana de Tefrique. Em 872/873, o doméstico das escolas Cristóvão derrotou-o decisivamente na Batalha do Córrego Profundo. Seis anos depois sua capital seria tomada, ponto fim ao Estado Pauliciano.

Mapa da Anatólia bizantina e a fronteira árabe-bizantina em meados do século IX.
Soldo cunhado durante a regência de Teoctisto e Teodora

Vida

Segundo os cronistas bizantinas, Crisóquero era um sobrinho do líder pauliciano Carbeas. Segundo Pedro, o Siciliano, foi "sobrinho e genro" de Carbeas, indicando que casou-se com sua primeira prima, uma prática fortemente condenada pela Igreja Bizantina.[1] Após o programa anti-pauliciano lançado em 843 pela imperatriz-regente Teodora, Carbeas e muitos de seus apoiantes, inclusive Crisóquero, fugiram para os emirados muçulmanos fronteiriços e estabeleceram um principado independente centrado em Tefrique. Carbeas liderou os paulianos nas guerras contra o Império Bizantino ao lado dos muçulmanos até sua morte em 863,[2][3] provavelmente na batalha de Lalacão.[4]

Nada se sabe sobre a infância e carreira de Crisóquero antes de suceder seu tio. Como ele, Crisóquero pode ter serviço no exército bizantino em sua juventude.[5] Um inimigo inabalável do império, Crisóquero liderou entre 863-869 vários raides profundos em solo bizantino[6] mesmo até as costas oeste e nas imediações de Niceia, Nicomédia, e Éfeso.[4] Na última, relatadamente teria profanado a Igreja de São João Evangelista ao utilizar o espaço como estábulo para seus cavalos.[7]

O imperador Basílio I, o Macedônio (r. 867–886) enviou emissários para oferecer a paz em 869/870, mas a oferta foi rejeitada por Crisóquero, que alegadamente exigiu que o imperador deveria esvaziar a porção oriental de seus territórios na Ásia Menor primeiro. É muito provável que a embaixada foi liderada por Pedro, o Siciliano, que relada que gastou nove meses em Tefrique aproximadamente o mesmo tempo que tentou organizar a libertação de prisioneiros de guerra de alta patente, embora isso é rejeitado por alguns estudiosos modernos.[1]

Soldo de Basílio I, o Macedônio (r. 867–886)

Em 871, Basílio I liderou um ataque contra Tefrique, mas falhou em tomar a cidade e retirou-se. Após o fracasso da campanha bizantina, Crisóquero fez novos raides alcançando tão longe quanto Ancira.[6] Em 872/873, contudo, o doméstico das escolas Cristóvão liderou outra campanha que conseguiu uma decisiva vitória contra os paulicianos na Batalha do Córrego Profundo (Bathys Ryax). Durante a batalha, Crisóquero foi morto por um soldado comum chamado Poludes. Sua cabeça decepada foi enviada para Constantinopla,[8][9][10] onde Basílio relatadamente atirou com seu arco contra ela, enfiando três flechas nela.[1] Seis anos depois Tefrique caiu, colocando fim ao Principado Pauliciano;[11] os paulicianos remanescentes seriam forçados a fugir para a Síria e Armênia.[12] Alguns estudiosos modernos, contudo, datam a morte de Crisóquero no mesmo ano da queda de Tefrique (i.e. 878/879).[5]

Comumente é considerado que a memória de Crisóquero sobreviveu no poema épico bizantino Digenis Acritas na forma de "Crisoberges" (em grego: Χρυσοβεργης; romaniz.: Chrysoverges), o avô muçulmano paterno do herói epônimo.[1][5]

Referências

  1. a b c d e Lilie 2013, Chrysocheir (#21340).
  2. Kazhdan 1991, p. 1107.
  3. Whittow 1996, p. 310–311.
  4. a b Hamilton 1998, p. 22.
  5. a b c Kazhdan 1991, p. 452–453.
  6. a b Kiapidou 2003, cap. 1.
  7. Foss 1979, p. 116.
  8. Kazhdan 1991, p. 441–442.
  9. Guilland 1967, p. 438.
  10. Kiapidou 2003, cap. 2 e cap. 3.
  11. Whittow 1996, p. 314.
  12. Kohn 2013, p. 355.

Bibliografia

  • Foss, Clive (1979). Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City. [S.l.]: CUP Archive 
  • Guilland, Rodolphe (1967). Recherches sur les Institutions Byzantines, Tomes I–II. Berlim: Akademie-Verlag 
  • Hamilton, Janet; Bernard Hamilton, Yuri Stoyanov (1998). Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, C. 650-c. 1450: Selected Sources. [S.l.]: Manchester University Press. ISBN 071904765X 
  • Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Nova Iorque e Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8 
  • Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 1135954941 
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Zielke, Beate et al. (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlim-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt 
  • Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025 (em inglês). Berkeley e Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20496-4 

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