Coração (região histórica)

Mapa da antiga Pérsia mostrando Coração e algumas de suas principais cidades: Herate, Bactro e Marve

O Antigo ou Grande Coração[1] (também Khorasan[2], Corasão, Corassã,[3] Corassam[4][5] e Coraçone;[6] em persa: خراسان بزرگ or خراسان کهن, transliterado como Khorasan em muitas líguas europeias) é uma região histórica da Pérsia. Englobava partes dos atuais Irã, Afeganistão, Tajiquistão, Turcomenistão e Usbequistão.[7]

Os limites geográficos de Coração, cujo nome em persa Khorasan significa "terra do oeste"[8] ou "terra do sol",[7] sempre foram imprecisos. Na época do Império Sassânida, Coração foi uma das quatro províncias do império e incluía, entre outros, os distritos de Nixapur e Tus (hoje no Irã), Bactro e Herate (hoje no Afeganistão), Marve (no Turcomenistão), e Bucara (no Usbequistão).[9] Porém, no passado o nome chegou a ser usado para uma área maior no oeste da Pérsia (Irã), que se estendia do rio Oxo (Amu Dária) e Transoxiana ao norte[8] até o mar Cáspio a oeste, passando pelos desertos do centro do Irã[7] e Bamiã, no Indocuche.[9] Geógrafos árabes estendiam seu território até a antiga Índia,[7] talvez até o vale do rio Indo, no atual Paquistão.[9]

De província sassânida, Coração passou a ser uma província árabe após a conquista da região pela dinastia omíada em 651-652.[7][8] No século VIII, a região foi o centro de uma exitosa revolta contra os omíadas, liderada por Abu Muslim, que foi um passo na conquista do poder do califado pela dinastia abássida.[10] Nos séculos seguintes, Coração foi incorporada a vários reinos da Ásia Central como os safáridas, samânidas, gasnévidas, seljúcidas, corásmios, gúridas e timúridas.[7]

Em 1881, definiram-se as fronteiras de Coração como província a leste do Irã moderno. Essa grande província foi, em 2004, subdividida em três: Coração do Norte, Coração do Sul e Coração Razavi.

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Fernandes, Ivo Xavier (1941). Topónimos e Gentílicos. I. Porto: Editora Educação Nacional, Lda. 
  2. ↑ Visconde de Lagoa. Glossário Toponímico da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina. Parte I - Ásia e Oceania. Ministério do Ultramar. Junta das Missões Geográficas e de Investigações do Ultramar, 1953, pp. 33, 239.
  3. ↑ II Simpósio dos Professôres Universitários de História: anais. [S.l.]: Faculdade de Filosofía da Universidade do Paraná, Associação dos Professôres Universitários de História. 1962 
  4. ↑ Abreu, Guilherme de Vasconcellos (1885). A literatura e a religião dos árias na Índia. [S.l.]: Guillard, Aillaud 
  5. ↑ Souza, José Antônio de C. R. de (30 de dezembro de 1998). «Marsílio de Pádua sobre a Translação do Império». Veritas (Porto Alegre). 43 (3). 703 páginas. ISSN 1984-6746. doi:10.15448/1984-6746.1998.3.35433 
  6. ↑ Paulo, Correia (Verão de 2021). «Coraçone, d'As Mil e Uma Noites ao Estado Islâmico» (PDF). A folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias. ISSN 1830-7809. Consultado em 20 de setembro de 2021 
  7. ↑ a b c d e f «Khorasan». Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Consultado em 22 de outubro de 2011 
  8. ↑ a b c M. A. Shaban. The Abbasid Revolution. CUP Archive, 1979. ISBN 0521295343 [1]
  9. ↑ a b c H. A. R. Gibb. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Parts 79-80. Brill Archive, 1979 [2]
  10. ↑ ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Online [3]
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