Conflito aproximar-evitar

O conflito aproximar-evitar é uma teoria do estresse apresentada pela primeira vez pelo psicólogo Kurt Lewin, um dos fundadores da psicologia social moderna.[1][2]

Visão geral

Conflitos aproximar-evitar ocorrem quando há um objetivo ou evento que tem efeitos positivos e negativos ou características que tornam o objetivo atraente e desagradável simultaneamente.[3][4][5] Por exemplo, o casamento é uma decisão importante que tem aspectos positivos e negativos. Os aspectos positivos (voltados ao aproximar) do casamento podem ser considerados união, compartilhamento de memórias e companheirismo, enquanto os aspectos negativos (voltados ao evitar) podem incluir considerações financeiras, discussões e dificuldades com os sogros. Os efeitos negativos da decisão ajudam a influenciar o agente evitar o objetivo ou evento, enquanto os efeitos positivos influenciam o agente a querer abordar ou prosseguir com o objetivo ou evento. A influência dos aspectos negativos e positivos cria um conflito porque o tomador de decisão tem que prosseguir em direção ao objetivo ou evitá-lo completamente.

O tomador de decisão pode iniciar a abordagem em direção ao objetivo, mas à medida que aumenta a consciência dos fatores negativos, pode surgir o desejo de evitar o objetivo, produzindo indecisão. Se houver sentimentos concorrentes para um objetivo, o mais forte dos dois triunfará. Por exemplo, se uma pessoa está pensando em abrir um negócio, ela se depara com aspectos positivos e negativos. Antes de realmente iniciar o negócio, a pessoa ficaria entusiasmada com as perspectivas de sucesso para o novo negócio e encontraria (aproximaria) primeiro os aspectos positivos: atrairia investidores, criaria interesse em suas ideias futuras e seria um novo desafio. No entanto, à medida que se aproximavam de realmente lançar o negócio, os aspectos negativos se tornavam mais aparentes; a pessoa reconheceria que exigiria muito esforço, tempo e energia de outros aspectos de sua vida.[6]

Referências

  1. ↑ Allport, G. W. (1948). «The Genius of Kurt Lewin». The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. Journal of Social Issues. 4 (S1): 14–21. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1948.tb01792.x 
  2. ↑ Lewin, K. (1935). A Dynamic Theory of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070374515 
  3. ↑ Miller, N. E. (1944). «Personality and the behavior disorders». In: J.M. Hunt. Experimental Studies of Conflict. 1. New York: Ronald 
  4. ↑ Miller, N. E. (1959). «Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: Extension to conflict behavior, motivation, and social learning». In: S. Koch. Psychology: A study of science. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill 
  5. ↑ O'Neil, EB; Newsome, RN; Li, IH; Thavabalasingam, S; Ito, R; Lee, AC (11 de novembro de 2015). «Examining the Role of the Human Hippocampus in Approach-Avoidance Decision Making Using a Novel Conflict Paradigm and Multivariate Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.». The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (45): 15039–49. PMC 6605357Acessível livremente. PMID 26558775. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1915-15.2015 
  6. ↑ Boyd, R.L.; Robinson, M. D.; Fetterman, A. K. (2011). «Miller (1944) revisited: Movement times in relation to approach and avoidance conflicts». Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 47 (6): 1192–1197. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.017  Verifique o valor de |name-list-format=amp (ajuda)

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