Clã Hayashi (estudiosos do Confucionismo)

O clã Hayashi (林氏 Hayashi-shi?) foi um clã de shinobis que serviram como importantes conselheiros do xogunato Tokugawa. Entre os membros do clã que obtiveram posições de destaque estava Hayashi Razan, que passou seu posto hereditário de reitor da escola neo-Confucionista Shōhei-kō ao seu filho, Hayashi Gahō, que também o passou ao seu filho, Hayashi Hōkō; essa linha de sucessão continuou até 1867, com o fim da escola dos Hayashi. Contudo, elementos da escola permaneceram até 1888, quando da incorporação à nova Universidade de Tóquio.

Análise crítica

A posição especial da família Hayashi como conselheiros do xogunato deu uma legitimidade à sua escola que nenhuma outra academia confucionista da época conseguiu.[1] Isso significa que os pontos de interpretação dos Hayashi eram tratados como dogma.[2] Qualquer um que desafiasse o status quo dos Hayashi era perseguido por tentar subverter a hegemonia dos Tokugawa; e qualquer discordância com os Hayashi era reputada como ameaça à grande estrutura de poder baseada no Confucionismo.[3] Eventuais disputas entre confucionistas das décadas de 1650 e 1660 podem ter originado rivalidades pessoais ou filosóficas, mas quaisquer disputas ficavam ofuscadas pela posição dominante do xogunato e daqueles que atuavam em seu nome.[1]

Nesse período, os Tokugawa e os fudai daimyō eram os mais poderosos dos cerca de 250 senhores feudais do país. Concedendo os mais altos cargos do xogunato a pessoas de confiança, daimyōs leais, os xoguns paradoxalmente aumentaram os poderes desses funcionários e diminuíram poderes antes exercidos apenas por Ieyasu.[4], o que os levou a zelar contra qualquer um que pudesse questionar esse poder concedido; e os vários xoguns posteriores exacerbaram esse desenvolvimento.[5] A estrutura de poder do Período Edo desencorajava discordâncias da ortodoxia Hayashi.

No espectro dos vassalos dos Tokugawa, os membros da família Hayashi eram hatamoto de alto nível (assim seguindo a jurisdição dos wakadoshiyori), e possuíam uma receita de 3500 koku.[6]

Membros notáveis do clã

Colunas do reconstruído Yushima Seidō
Bandeiras marcam a entrada do Yushima Seidō reconstruído (Tóquio).

Nos primeiros anos do Período Edo, o seidō ou "Sala de sábios" confucionistas se localizava em Shinobugaoka; mas em 1961, se mudou para o topo de uma colina da seção Yushima de Edo.[7] Os lideres hereditários do Yushima Seidō (depois, Edo daigaku) são identificados abaixo.

Ver também

Notas

  1. a b Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650-1675," Early Modern Japan. 9:2, 3-18 (Fall 2001).
  2. Ooms, Herman. Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570-1680, pp. 107-108.
  3. Bourdieu, Pierre et al. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, p. 106.
  4. Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843, p. 208.
  5. Yamashita, p. 16; Bourdieu, p. 106.
  6. Ogawa, Edo no hatamoto jiten, p. 85.
  7. a b De Bary, William et al. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2, p. 443.
  8. Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 65; Cullen, L.M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 59.
  9. Screech, p. 65.
  10. a b c d e Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 300.]
  11. Cullen, pp. 117; 163.
  12. Asiatic Society of Japan. (1908). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, v36:1(1908), p. 151.
  13. Cullen, p. 178 n11.
  14. a b Nussbaum, p. 301.
  15. Cullen, p. 159.
  16. Cullen, p. 163.
  17. Mehl, Margaret. (2003). Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline and Transformation of the "Kangaku juku," p. 49.
  18. Mehl, p. 92.

Referências

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