Ciclo calíptico

O ciclo ou período calíptico foi criado pelo astrônomo Cálipo de Cízico, em 330 a.C.[1] Até então, os gregos utilizavam o ciclo metónico, mas Cálipo modificou este período, com uma correção a cada 4 desses ciclos, perfazendo um período de 76 anos, conhecido como período calíptico, fazendo o ano médio, neste ciclo, valer 365,25 dias, muito mais próximo ao ano trópico verdadeiro. Os babilônios adotaram essas correções 50 anos depois.[2]

Os povos antigos calculavam o tempo pelo calendário lunissolar, em que em alguns anos tinham doze meses e em outros anos treze. Este tipo de calendário era usado pelos antigos hebreus, conforme I Samuel 20:5, I Samuel 20:18, I Samuel 20:24 e I Samuel 20:27.[Nota 1] Três astrônomos gregos aperfeiçoaram a astronomia e retificaram o cálculo do tempo, Meton, Cálipo e Hiparco. Apesar de Hiparco ter florescido cerca de noventa a cem anos antes da reforma do calendário por Júlio César, seu astrônomo Sosígenes adotou os cálculos de Cálipo para estabelecer a duração do ano no calendário juliano.[3]

O ciclo determinado por Cálipo consiste de setenta e seis anos, com o total de 27 759 dias, o mesmo número que tem 76 anos do calendário juliano.[4][5] Neste ciclo de setenta e seis anos, ocorrem 940 lunações, com uma média de dias para o mês sinódico, valor 22 segundos maior que o real.[Nota 2] Dos 940 meses, 441 são meses de 29 dias, e 499 de trinta dias. Destes 76 anos, 48 são anos de doze meses lunares, e 28 são anos embolísticos, com treze meses.[5]

Os três ciclos, de Meton, Cálipo e Hiparco, tinham por principal objetivo a determinação de um calendário lunissolar. Seus períodos eram, respectivamente, 19 anos para 6940 dias, setenta e seis anos para 27 759 dias e 304 anos para 111 035 dias.[6]

Notas e referências

Notas

  1. Para uma opinião diferente, ver o artigo calendário judaico. O astrônomo John Jackson propôs que os antigos hebreus usavam um calendário solar semelhante ao calendário egípcio, e só teriam adotado o calendário lunissolar após contato com a civilização grega.
  2. A fonte ignora o fato do mês sinódico aumentar ao longo dos séculos, pelo efeito da aceleração de marés.

Referências

  1. Alan Edouard Samuel (1972). Greek and Roman chronology: Calendars and years in classical antiquity (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft). EUA: Beck. ISBN B0006C6FEW Verifique |isbn= (ajuda) 
  2. Daryn Lehoux (2007). Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World: Parapegmata and Related Texts in Classical and Near-Eastern Societie. EUA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521851817 
  3. Dr. R. Wood, A new Luni-Solar Year, and a perpetual Almanac, Phil. Collect. N.2. p.26., citado em Memoirs of the Royal Society: being a new abridgment of the Philosophical transactions ... 1665 to ... 1735 ... the whole carefully abridg'd from the originals, and the order of time regularly observ'd, Volume 2, p.145 [google books]
  4. Dr. R. Wood, A new Luni-Solar Year, and a perpetual Almanac, Phil. Collect. N.2. p.26., citado em Memoirs of the Royal Society: being a new abridgment of the Philosophical transactions ... 1665 to ... 1735 ... the whole carefully abridg'd from the originals, and the order of time regularly observ'd, Volume 2, p.146
  5. a b Site www.ortelius.de, Kalender, Glossary [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729144351/http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/gloss_en.php Arquivado em 29 de julho de 2014, no Wayback Machine. [em linha]]
  6. Dr. R. Wood, A new Luni-Solar Year, and a perpetual Almanac, Phil. Collect. N.2. p.26., citado em Memoirs of the Royal Society: being a new abridgment of the Philosophical transactions ... 1665 to ... 1735 ... the whole carefully abridg'd from the originals, and the order of time regularly observ'd, Volume 2, p.147
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