Caso Azul

Caso Azul - Ofensiva de Verão alemã de 1942
Frente Oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial)

Tropas alemãs a protegerem-se por trás de um tanque T-70 destruído, Verão de 1942
Data 28 de junho24 de novembro de 1942
Local Voronezh, Rostov até Estalinegrado, Kuban, Cáucaso, Sul da Rússia, União Soviética
Desfecho Fracasso estratégico do Eixo
Beligerantes
Alemanha Nazi
Romênia Roménia
Hungria
Itália
Eslováquia[1]
Croácia
 União Soviética
Comandantes
Adolf Hitler
Fedor von Bock
Maximilian von Weichs
Wilhelm List
Erich von Manstein
Ewald von Kleist
Alexander Löhr
Wolfram von Richthofen
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Josef Stalin
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Aleksandr Vasilevsky
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Gueorgui Jukov
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Ivan Tyulenev
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Semyon Budyonny
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Filipp Golikov
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Rodion Malinovsky
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Andrei Yeremenko
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Konstantin Rokossovsky
União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas Semyon Timoshenko
Forças
Inicialmente: 1 300 000
1 milhão de alemães
300 000 aliados do Eixo
1 900 tanques[2]
1 610 aeronaves[3]
Total: 2 700 000
  1 700 000 homens
  1 000 000 reservas
3 720 tanques[4][5]
~ 1 671 aeronaves[6]
Baixas
1 013 000 mortos, feridos, capturados ou desaparecidos[7] 2 226 416
1 111 681 mortos, capturados ou desaparecidos
1 114 735 feridos e doentes[8]

Caso Azul (em alemão: Fall Blau), mais tarde alterado para Operação Braunschweig,[9] foi a designação do plano das forças Armadas Alemãs (Wehrmacht) para a estratégia ofensiva do Verão de 1942 no Sul da Rússia, entre 28 de Junho e 24 de Novembro de 1942.

A operação foi a continuação da Operação Barbarossa (que foi idealizada pelo general Franz Halder), no ano anterior, para pôr um fim à presença soviética na guerra, e envolveu duas frentes de ataque contra a região de Baku, rica em petróleo, tal como um avanço em direcção a Estalingrado ao longo do rio Volga, para cobrir os flancos do avanço para Baku. Para esta parte da operação, o Grupo do Exército do Sul (Heeresgruppe Süd) do Exército Alemão (Heer) foi divido entre A e B (Heeresgruppe A e B). O Grupo do Exército A tinha a tarefa de atravessar as montanhas da Cordilheira do Cáucaso até chegar aos campos petrolíferos de Baku, enquanto o Grupo do Exército B deveria proteger os seus flancos ao longo do Volga, por influencias politicas para findar com a imagem da cidade modelo do sistema politico de Stalin (Estalingrado). O exercito se concentrou nesta cidade, passando a dar muita importância.

Em controvérsia Hitler não mandou mantimentos, nem roupas adequadas para o frio da região para as tropas que estavam em combate na Batalha de Estalingrado, que estas estavam sob o comando do general nazista Friedrich Paulus. E para concretizar a operação seria estratégico deixar ao longo do rio Volga, livre do exercito vermelho e todo o Cáucaso (principalmente a cidade de Baku) para deixar a URSS sem combustível, logo pois o Cáucaso é a região mais rica de petróleo da Rússia e uma das maiores do mundo.

De início, a ofensiva alemã conseguiu avançar com rapidez no Cáucaso capturando grandes áreas de terreno e vários campos de petróleo. No entanto, o Exército Vermelho derrotou os alemães na Batalha de Estalingrado, depois das Operações Urano e Pequeno Saturno. Esta derrota forçou o Eixo a se retirar do Cáucaso com receio de ficar encurralado. Apenas a cidade de Kursk e a região de Kuban mantiveram-se ocupadas pelas tropas do Eixo.

Referências

  1. Holt (2009), p. 47.
  2. Antill (2007), pp. 24–25.
  3. Hayward (2001), p. 129.
  4. Antill (2007), p. 29.
  5. Glantz (1995), p. 301.
  6. Bergström 2007, pp. 49–50.
  7. Antill (2007), p. 87.
  8. Glantz (1995), p. 295.
  9. Schramm (1963), p. 460.

Bibliografia

  • Antill, Peter (2007). Stalingrad 1942. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-028-5 
  • Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-267-7 
  • Beevor, Antony (1999). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028458-3 
  • Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-48808-2 
  • Bergström, Christer (2007), Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943, ISBN 978-1-85780-276-4, London: Chervron/Ian Allen .
  • Glantz, David M.; Jonathan M. House (2009). To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942. Col: The Stalingrad Trilogy. I. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1630-5 
  • Glantz, David M. (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0899-0 
  • Hayward, Joel (1995). Too Little Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production. Lawrence, KS: The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 94-135 
  • Hayward, Joel (2001). Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1146-0 
  • Manstein, Erich (2004). Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-2054-3 
  • Nipe, George M. Jr. (2000). Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkiv Counteroffensive—February–March 1943. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-1186-7 
  • Schramm, Percy Ernst (1963). Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945 Teilband II. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen 
  • Holt, David (junho de 2009). «The Slovak Army: 1939 - 1945 Part 2: The Russian Campaign 1940 - 43» (PDF). Journal of The Czechoslovak Philatelic Society of Great Britain. 27 (2). ISSN 0142-3525. Consultado em 18 de fevereiro de 2014 

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