Carga moldada

Um míssil antitanque altamente explosivo seccionado com a carga moldada interna visível.
Um foguete RL-83 Blindicide seccionada.
1: Tampa balística; 2: Cavidade cheia de ar; 3: Forro cônico; 4: Detonador; 5: Explosivo; 6: Gatilho piezoelétrico.

A carga moldada é uma carga explosiva moldada para formar um penetrador formado explosivamente (EFP) para focar o efeito da energia do explosivo. Diferentes tipos de cargas moldadas são usados para várias finalidades, como corte e conformação de metal, iniciação de armas nucleares, penetração de blindagem ou perfuração de poços na indústria de petróleo e gás.

Uma carga moldada moderna típica, com um revestimento de metal na cavidade de carga, pode penetrar no aço blindado a uma profundidade de sete ou mais vezes o diâmetro da carga (diâmetros de carga, ou CD na sigla em inglês), embora profundidades maiores de 10 CD e acima tenham sido alcançadas.[1][2] Ao contrário do que poderia supor-se (por causa da sigla para antitanque altamente explosivo, HEAT, ou "highly explosive anti-tank" em inglês, sinônimo de "calor") o jato EFP de carga moldada não depende de forma alguma de aquecimento ou fusão para sua eficácia; isto é, o jato EFP de uma carga moldada não derrete através da armadura, pois seu efeito é puramente cinético por natureza[3] – no entanto, o processo cria calor significativo e geralmente tem um efeito incendiário secundário significativo após a penetração.

Efeito Munroe

O Efeito Munroe (ou Neumann) é a focalização da energia da explosão por um corte oco ou vazio na superfície de um explosivo. A menção mais antiga de cargas ocas foi mencionada em 1792. Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841) era um engenheiro de minas alemão na época; em um jornal de mineração, ele defendeu um espaço cônico na extremidade dianteira de uma carga de detonação para aumentar o efeito do explosivo e, assim, economizar pólvora.[4] A ideia foi adotada, por um tempo, na Noruega e nas minas das montanhas Harz da Alemanha, embora o único explosivo disponível na época fosse a pólvora, que não é um alto explosivo e, portanto, incapaz de produzir a onda de choque que o efeito de carga em forma requer.[5]

Referências

  1. ↑ «Archived copy» (PDF). Consultado em 21 de dezembro de 2013. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 10 de outubro de 2012 
  2. ↑ Post, Richard (1 de junho de 1998). «Shaped Charges Pierce the Toughest Targets» (PDF). Science & Technology Review. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 17 de setembro de 2016 
  3. ↑ «Introduction to Shaped Charges, Walters, Army Research Laboratory, 2007» (PDF). p. 17. Consultado em 23 de março de 2017. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 23 de dezembro de 2016 
  4. ↑ Franz Baader (March 1792) "Versuch einer Theorie der Sprengarbeit" (Investigação de uma teoria de detonação), Bergmännisches Journal (Miners' Journal), vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 193–212. Reimpresso em: Franz Hoffmann et al. ed.s, Franz von Baader's sämtliche Werke … [trabalhos completos de Franz von Baader …] (Leipzig (Alemanha): Herrmann Bethmann, 1854), Part I, vol. 7, pp. 153–166.
  5. ↑ Donald R. Kennedy, History of the Shaped Charge Effect: The First 100 Years Arquivado em 2019-01-27 no Wayback Machine (Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1990), pp. 3–5.

Leitura adicional

  • Fundamentals of Shaped Charges, W.P. Walters, J.A. Zukas, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Junho de 1989, ISBN 0-471-62172-2.
  • Tactical Missile Warheads, Joseph Carleone (ed.), Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics Series (V-155), Publicado por AIAA, 1993, ISBN 1-56347-067-5.

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