Canato de Erevã



Canato de Erevã
خانات ایروان
séc. XVIII – 1828
Localização de Երևանի խանություն İrəvan xanlığı
Localização de Երևանի խանություն
İrəvan xanlığı
O Canato circa 1800
Continente Ásia
Região Médio Oriente
País Irão
Capital Erevã
Língua oficial Persa
Outros idiomas Arménio
Azeri
Religião Islão
Governo Monarquia (Canato)
História
 • séc. XVIII Fundação
 • 1828 Tratado de Turkmenchay

O Canato de Erevã[1] (em armênio/arménio: Երևանի խանություն —Yerevani khanut'yun; em persa: خانات ایروان — Khānāt-e Īravān) também conhecido como Čoḵūr Saʿd,[2] foi um canato que foi estabelecido na Pérsia safávida no século XVIII. Tinha um área de aproximadamente 19,500 km²,[2] e corresponde actualmente com a maioria do centro da actual Arménia, a maioria da província de Iğdır e do distrito de Kağızman da província de Kars na actual Turquia e os distritos de Sharur e Sadarak da República Autónoma do Naquichevão na actual República do Azerbaijão.

Como resultado da derrota persa na Guerra russo-persa de 1826–1828, foi ocupado pelas tropas russas em 1827[3] e foi cedido ao Império Russo em 1828[4] em virtude do Tratado de Turkmenchay.[5][6] Logo depois disto, os territórios do antigo Canato de Erevã e o Canato do Naquichevão passaram a fazer parte do Óblast Arménio do Império Russo.[7][8][9]

Governo

Durante o domínio persa, os xás designaram vários cãs como beilerbeis (governadores) para reger as suas possessões, criando assim um centro administrativo. Este cãs da tribo Cajar,[10] de origem túrquica,[11][12] também conhecidos como os sirdar (pers. sardār, “chefe”), governaram o canato inteiro, desde meados do século XVII até à ocupação russa em 1828.[2] O canato foi dividido em quinze distritos administrativos chamados maḥals com o persa como língua oficial.[13][14][15]

População

Muitos eventos levaram ao exílio da população arménia da região. A deportação do Xá Abas I de muita da população das Terras Altas Arménias em 1605 foi um destes, quando cerca de 250.000 arménios foram removidos da região.[16] Para repovoar a região fronteiriça, o Xá Abas II (1642–1666) permitiu a tribo túrquica Kangarli a regressar. Baixo o Xá Nader, os arménios sofreram impostos excessivos e outras penúrias, muitos emigraram, particularmente para a Índia.[17] Muitos arménios foram feitos prisioneiros desde 1804 ou mesmo depois de 1795,[18] outros foram vagar pelo mundo (a Rússia não conseguiu estabelecê-los) por causa da Guerra russo-persa de 1804 e 1813,[19] incluindo 20.000 que foram viver à Geórgia.[20] Na altura da anexação russa os arménios perfaziam menos de 20% (cerca de 15.000) da população do Canato de Erevã em 1828, enquanto os restantes 80% eram muçulmanos (persas, azeris, curdos),[21] perfazendo um população total de 102.000.[22]

Referências

  1. «Erevan, ou Erevã, capital da Arménia - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa». ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2016 
  2. a b c «EREVAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica». www.iranicaonline.org. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2016 
  3. «Azərbaycan :: Baş səhifə». www.azerbaijans.com. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2016 
  4. Bournoutian, George A. (1 de janeiro de 1992). The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule: 1795-1828 (em inglês). [S.l.]: Mazda Pub. ISBN 9780939214181 
  5. Noble, John; Kohn, Michael; Systermans, Danielle (1 de janeiro de 2008). Georgia, Armenia & Azerbaijan. Ediz. Inglese (em inglês). [S.l.]: Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741044775 
  6. Payaslian, S. (13 de março de 2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer. ISBN 9780230608580 
  7. Chorbajian, Levon; Donabédian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1 de janeiro de 1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh (em inglês). [S.l.]: Zed Books. ISBN 9781856492881 
  8. Payaslian, Simon (30 de junho de 2011). The Political Economy of Human Rights in Armenia: Authoritarianism and Democracy in a Former Soviet Republic (em inglês). [S.l.]: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857731692 
  9. Hille, Charlotte Mathilde Louise (1 de janeiro de 2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus (em inglês). [S.l.]: BRILL. ISBN 9004179011 
  10. «АББАС-КУЛИ-АГА БАКИХАНОВ->ГЮЛИСТАН-И ИРАМ->ПЕРИОД V». www.vostlit.info. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2016 
  11. Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I.B. Tauris, pp 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty.."
  12. Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 516.
  13. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0521522458. "(...) and Persian continued to be the official language of the judiciary and the local administration [even after the abolishment of the khanates]."
  14. Pavlovich, Petrushevsky Ilya (1949). Essays on the history of feudal relations in Armenia and Azerbaijan in XVI - the beginning of XIX centuries. LSU them. Zhdanov. p. 7. "(...) The language of official acts not only in Iran proper and its fully dependant Khanates, but also in those Caucasian khanates that were semi-independent until the time of their accession to the Russian Empire, and even for some time after, was New Persian (Farsi). It played the role of the literary language of class feudal lords as well."
  15. Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
  16. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, James S. Olson, Greenwood(1994), p. 44
  17. An Historical Atlas of Islam by William Charles Brice, Brill Academic Publishers, 1981 p. 276
  18. The Cambridge History of Iran, William Bayne Fisher, Peter Avery, Ilya Gershevitch, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville, published by the Cambridge University Press, 1991 p. 339
  19. The Turks: Turkey (2 v.), Murat Ocak, Yeni Türkiye, 2002
  20. Akty sobrannye, docs. 559, 564, 568, 570, 573, 582, 586, 614; and S. Glinka, Sobranie aktov otnosiashchikhsia k obozrenii istorii Armianskogo naroda, II (Moscow, 1838), pp. 163-166.
  21. The land was mountainous and dry, the population of about 100,000 was roughly 80 percent Muslim (Persian, Azeri, and Kurdish) and 20 percent Christian (Armenian). Firuz Kazemzadeh. Reviewed Work(s): Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807—1828 by George A. Bournoutian. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4. (Nov., 1984), pp. 566—567.
  22. Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
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