Camarada

Camarada é uma forma de tratamento amistosa e tem o sentido de "companheiro", "colega" ou "aliado". Deriva do termo espanhol camarada (do latim camara: quarto ou alojamento [1] [2]) usado a partir do século XVI para designar 'grupo de soldados que dormem e comem juntos'. A palavra foi introduzida na língua portuguesa no século XVII, também com o sentido de grupo de soldados que partilham o mesmo quarto; por sinédoque, passou a significar, informalmente, 'companheiro de armas' ou simplesmente 'companheiro'.[3]

Em alemão, o termo equivalente, Genosse, passou a ser usado em 1875, entre os membros do Partido Social-Democrata .[4] Atualmente, parece ter caído em desuso, entre os social-democratas de língua alemã. [5] Na Rússia, após a Revolução Russa de 1917, os comunistas adotaram o a palavra tovarisch (em russo, Товарищ) como forma de tratamento igualitário, em substituição às formas pré-revolucionárias, que traduziam diferenças de classe - ainda que o termo devesse ser seguido do título, patente ou cargo do interlocutor, a exemplo de Camarada General, no caso de um general do exército. Mas, afinal, o uso de tovarisch ficou praticamente restrito à linguagem formal das saudações protocolares, na antiga URSS.

O termo 'camarada', tradução de tovarisch em português, passou a ser amplamente utilizada por militantes de partidos comunistas dos países lusófonos, pelo menos até o colapso da URSS e a subsequente dissolução da maioria dos partidos comunistas do Ocidente. No caso dos partidos socialistas e dos movimentos de esquerda da América Latina, tornou-se usual, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, o emprego do termo 'companheiro' - possivelmente por influência da Revolução Cubana -, o que foi especialmente notável no Brasil, a partir do início dos anos 1980, tanto no âmbito do Partido dos Trabalhadores, como dos sindicatos e movimentos sociais ligados à esquerda política.

Mas, afora o uso em contexto político ou militar, o termo 'camarada' manteve, em português, um sentido, mais genérico - de amigo fraterno, companheiro de trabalho ou membro de uma mesma associação etc. - , podendo também ser empregado como adjetivo, com o sentido de 'amigável' ou 'favorável'. [3]

Quanto à forma apocopada 'camará', trata-se de um brasileirismo com origem nos cantos da capoeira [6] e que seria mais tarde, já no século XX, incorporado ao cancioneiro popular brasileiro, por autores como Vinicius de Moraes ("Água de Beber") e Gilberto Gil ("Parabolicamará").

Referências

  1. ↑ «Online Etymology Dictionary». etymonline.com 
  2. ↑ Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (TLFi): 'camarade'. Étymol. et Hist..
  3. ↑ a b Dicionário Houaiss: 'camarada'
  4. ↑ Otto Ladendorf (1906). Historisches Schlagwörterbuch - Ein Versuch. Trübner, Strassburg/Berlin. Reimpresso por Hans-Gerd Schumann, G. Olms, Hildesheim, 1968.
  5. ↑ SPÖ-Politiker für Abschaffung: Anrede "Genosse" nicht mehr zeitgemäß? textlog.de, 21 de julho de 2004. Cópia arquivada em 1º de junho de 2024.
  6. ↑ Waldeloir Rego. Capoeira Angola - ensaio sócio-etnográfico. Salvador: Editora Itapoan, 1968. Cópia arquivada em 1º de junho de 2024.

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