Burocrata acadêmico

Burocrata acadêmico
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Os burocratas acadêmicos, também referidos como a classe dos literatos[1] ou funcionários letrados,[2] são definidos nos clássicos[nota 1] como empregados burocratas ou militares abaixo da classe aristocrática imperial.[nota 2][4] Desde as Dinastias Qin e Han,[5] também tem sido um termo geral para estudiosos, e seu status está acima do das pessoas comuns.

Após a Dinastia Wei, devido à implementação do Sistema Zhongzheng de Nove Categorias[6], o significado da palavra "oficial literário" começou a diferir do significado dos clássicos e biografias, e se expandiu para se referir a uma classe social superior. Desde os tempos modernos, o significado da palavra se expandiu para se referir a intelectuais.[7][4] Eles dominaram a administração governamental e a vida local da China até o início do século XX.[8]

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Zhang, Minfen (maio de 2018). A imagem dos letrados chineses nas obras de autores portugueses dos Séculos XVI e XVII. Universidade Nova de Lisboa
  2. ↑ Burke, Peter (29 de abril de 2003). Uma História Social do Conhecimento 1: De Gutenberg a Diderot. [S.l.]: Zahar 
  3. ↑ Guan, Zeng jian; Herrmann, Konrad (2020). Kao gong ji: the world's oldest encyclopaedia of technologies. Col: Technology and change in history. Leiden Boston: Brill 
  4. ↑ a b Art, Authors: Department of Asian. «Scholar-Officials of China | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History». The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (em inglês). Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2023 
  5. ↑ «中国历史上的秦汉时代_ 艺术中国». art.china.cn. Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2023 
  6. ↑ Tao, Wang (novembro de 1999). «Chinese History. A Manual. By Endymion Wilkinson. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph series 46). pp. xxiv, 1068. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Asia Center, 1998.». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3): 457–458. ISSN 1356-1863. doi:10.1017/s1356186300011767. Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2023 
  7. ↑ «The Chinese Scholar-Official | Asia for Educators | Columbia University». afe.easia.columbia.edu. Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2023 
  8. ↑ Li, Su (7 de agosto de 2018). «CHAPTER 3. Scholar-Officials». Princeton University Press (em inglês): 98–138. ISBN 978-1-4008-8977-8. doi:10.23943/9781400889778-006/html. Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2023 
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Notas

  1. ↑ Jingzhuan, o nome coletivo dos clássicos confucionistas e clássicos interpretativos, como "Livro da Dinastia Han Posterior". Volume 66. "A Biografia de Wang Yun": "O jovem Mestre Yun é muito íntegro, determinado a alcançar serviços meritórios e frequentemente pratica a recitação de escrituras e biografias." Capítulo 86 de “Romance dos Três Reinos”: “A ascensão e queda dos tempos antigos e modernos, as escrituras e biografias dos sábios, todos eles podem ser lidos.”
  2. ↑ Aqueles que se sentam e falam sobre o taoísmo são chamados de príncipes e aqueles que fazem coisas são chamados de burocratas acadêmicos.[3]

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