Baixa Saxônia

Baixa Saxônia
Nome local
(de) Niedersachsen
Geografia
País
Sede
Banhado por
Mar do Norte
German Bight (en)
Área
47 614,07 km2
Ponto culminante
Wurmberg (en)
Altitude
13 m
Coordenadas
Demografia
População
8 003 421 hab. ()
Densidade
168,1 hab./km2 ()
Funcionamento
Estatuto
Presidente
Stephan Weil (en) (a partir de )
Assembleia deliberante
Landtag of Lower Saxony (en)
Membro de
Common Library Network (d)
IT Planning Council (d)
Geminação
Tokushima (a partir de )
História
Origem do nome
Fundação
Substitui
Hanôver
State of Brunswick (d)
Free State of Oldenburg (en)
Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe (en)
Identidade
ISO 3166-2
DE-NI
Brazão
coat of arms of Lower Saxony (en)
Bandeira
flag of Lower Saxony (en)
Identificadores
TGN
Website
Distinção
BigBrotherAwards (d) ()
Mapa

editar - editar código-fonte - editar WikidataDocumentação da predefinição

O Baixo Saxe, Baixa Saxônia(pt-BR) ou Baixa Saxónia(pt-PT?) (em alemão: Niedersachsen) é um dos 16 estados federados (Bundesländer) da Alemanha. Tem como capital Hanôver e situa-se no noroeste do país; seus limites são o mar do Norte a norte, Eslésvico-Holsácia, Hamburgo e Meclemburgo-Pomerânia Ocidental a nordeste, Brandemburgo e Saxônia-Anhalt (Saxónia-Anhalt) a leste, a Turíngia a sudeste, o Hesse e a Renânia do Norte-Vestfália a sul e os Países Baixos (províncias do Overissel, Drente e Groninga) a oeste. O estado ainda circunda as duas partes do estado de Bremen.

História

As origens territoriais do estado contemporâneo da Baixa Saxônia remontam à Alta Idade Média. Com a divisão do Império Carolíngio por Carlos Magno em diversos ducados, foi instaurado na região o Ducado da Saxônia, que incluía boa parte do estado da Baixa Saxônia, como também da Turíngia e do Eslésvico-Holsácia atuais.

Com o Tratado de Verdun, em 843, o Ducado da Saxônia passou a ser um dos quatro ducados que compunham o Reino da Frância Oriental, de Luís, o Germânico. E assim perdurou até o século XII, quando o Duque da Saxônia se envolveu em litígios com o imperador romano-germânico da época, Frederico I, o que resultou na expulsão do duque do império e a dissolução e fragmentação do Ducado da Saxônia em diversos feudos, com menor poder político.

Durante a Idade Média, várias cidades da Baixa Saxônia fizeram parte da Liga Hanseática.

A região permaneceu sem um estado de dimensão e relevância de grande destaque até 1692, quando o Duque de Brunsvique-Luneburgo foi elevado à condição de príncipe-eleitor do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico, e seu território passou a ser reconhecido como Eleitorado de Hanôver.

O eleitorado persistiu até às Guerras Napoleônicas, quando foi ocupado por tropas francesas em 1803 e substituído pelo estado clientelar francês do Reino da Vestefália (que integrava a Confederação do Reno).

Com a queda de Napoleão, o estado foi restaurado em 1814, mas desta vez independente sob o título de Reino de Hanôver, uma vez que o Sacro Império havia se extinguido.

Após a Guerra das Sete Semanas, em 1866, o Reino de Hanôver foi anexado ao Reino da Prússia, terminando seu período como estado independente.

Os aliados destruíram boa parte das cidades e da infraestrutura da região durante os bombardeios (bombardeamentos, em português europeu) da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Administração

A Baixa Saxônia está dividida em 38 distritos (Kreise, singular Kreis; ou ainda distritos rurais: Landkreise, singular Landkreis).

Mapa da Baixa Saxônia e os limites distritais.
Mapa da Baixa Saxônia e os limites distritais.

Os 38 distritos (Kreise) da Baixa Saxônia:
  1. Ammerland
  2. Aurich
  3. Condado de Bentheim (Grafschaft Bentheim)
  4. Celle
  5. Distrito da Charneca (Heidekreis)
  6. Clopemburgo (Cloppenburg)
  7. Cuxhaven
  8. Diepholz
  9. Emsland
  10. Frísia (Friesland)
  11. Gifhorn
  12. Goslar
  13. Gotinga (Göttingen)
  1. Hamelim-Pirmonte (Hameln-Pyrmont)
  2. Hanôver (Hannover)
  3. Harburgo (Harburg)
  4. Helmstedt
  5. Hildesheim
  6. Holzminden
  7. Leer
  8. Lüchow-Dannenberg
  9. Luneburgo (Lüneburg)
  10. Niemburgo (Nienburg)
  11. Northeim
  12. Oldemburgo (Oldenburg)
  13. Osnabruque (Osnabrück)
  1. Osterholz
  2. Osterode
  3. Peine
  4. Rotemburgo (Rotenburg)
  5. Schaumburgo (Schaumburg)
  6. Stade
  7. Uelzen
  8. Vechta
  9. Verden
  10. Lezíria do Weser (Wesermarsch)
  11. Wittmund
  12. Volfembutel (Wolfenbüttel)

Além disso, há ainda oito cidades independentes (kreisfreie Städte), que não pertencem a nenhum distrito:

  1. Brunsvique (Braunschweig)
  2. Delmenhorst
  3. Emden
  4. Oldemburgo (Oldenburg)
  5. Osnabruque (Osnabrück)
  6. Salzgitter
  7. Wilhelmshaven
  8. Wolfsburgo (Wolfsburg)

Até 31 de dezembro de 2004, os distritos da Baixa Saxônia estavam agrupados em quatro regiões administrativas (Regierungsbezirke): Brunsvique, Hanôver, Luneburgo e Weser-Ems, quando foram dissolvidas.

Lista dos ministros-presidentes da Baixa Saxônia

  1. 1946 - 1955: Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (SPD)
  2. 1955 - 1959: Heinrich Hellwege (DP)
  3. 1959 - 1961: Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (SPD)
  4. 1961 - 1970: Georg Diederichs (SPD)
  5. 1970 - 1976: Alfred Kubel (SPD)
  6. 1976 - 1990: Ernst Albrecht (CDU)
  7. 1990 - 1998: Gerhard Schröder (SPD)
  8. 1998 - 1999: Gerhard Glogowski (SPD)
  9. 1999 - 2003: Sigmar Gabriel (SPD)
  10. 2003 - 2010: Christian Wulff (CDU)
  11. 2010 - 2013: David McAllister (CDU)
  12. desde 2013: Stephan Weil (SPD)

Política

Eleições estaduais

Ano % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D % D
SPD CDU DP FDP KPD DZP DRP BHE SRP NPD GRÜ PDS/LIN AfD
1947 43,4 65 19,9 30 17,9 27 8,8 13 5,6 8 4,1 6 0,3 -
1951 33,7 64 23,7 35 CDU 8,4 12 1,8 2 3,3 4 2,2 3 14,9 21 11,0 16
1955 35,2 59 26,6 43 12,4 19 7,9 12 1,3 2 1,1 1 3,8 6 11,0 17
1959 39,5 65 30,8 51 12,4 20 5,2 8 0,0 - 3,6 - 8,3 13
1963 44,9 73 37,7 62 2,7 - 8,8 14 1,5 - 3,7 -
1967 43,1 66 41,8 63 6,9 10 7,0 10
1970 46,3 75 45,7 74 4,4 - 3,2 -
1974 43,1 67 48,8 77 7,0 11 0,6 -
1978 42,2 72 48,7 83 4,2 - 0,4 - 3,9 -
1982 36,5 63 50,7 87 5,9 10 6,5 11
1986 42,1 66 44,3 69 6,0 9 7,1 11
1990 44,2 71 42,0 67 6,0 9 0,2 - 5,5 8
1994 44,3 81 36,4 67 4,4 - 0,2 - 7,4 13
1998 47,9 83 35,9 62 4,9 - 7,1 12
2003 33,4 63 48,3 91 8,1 15 7,6 14 0,5 -
2008 30,3 48 42,5 68 8,2 13 1,5 - 8,0 12 7,1 11
2013 32,6 49 36,0 54 9,9 14 0,8 - 13,7 20 3,1 -
2017 36,9 55 33,6 50 7,5 11 8,7 12 4,6 - 6,2 9

Governos Estaduais

Período Partidos de Governo Maioria
1946-1947 SPD CDU FDP KPD DP Governo provisório
1947-1948 SPD CDU DP FDP KPD DZP
149 / 149
1948-1951 SPD CDU DZP
101 / 149
1951-1955 SPD BHE DZP
89 / 158
1955-1957 DP CDU BHE FDP
91 / 159
1957-1959 DP CDU SPD
121 / 159
1959-1961 SPD BHE FDP
86 / 157
1961-1963 SPD BHE FDP
86 / 157
1963-1965 SPD FDP
87 / 149
1965-1967 SPD CDU
135 / 149
1967-1970 SPD CDU
129 / 149
1970-1974 SPD
75 / 149
1974-1976 SPD FDP
78 / 155
1976-1977 CDU
77 / 155
1977-1978 CDU FDP
88 / 155
1978-1982 CDU
83 / 155
1982-1986 CDU
87 / 171
1986-1990 CDU FDP
78 / 155
1990-1994 SPD GRÜ
79 / 155
1994-1998 SPD
81 / 161
1998 SPD
83 / 157
1998-1999 SPD
83 / 157
1999-2003 SPD
83 / 157
2003-2008 CDU FDP
106 / 183
2008-2010 CDU FDP
81 / 152
2010-2013 CDU FDP
81 / 152
2013-2017 SPD GRÜ
69 / 137
2017- SPD CDU
105 / 137

Lista de Ministros-Presidentes

Presidente Início Fim Partido
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf 1946 1955 Partido Social-Democrata
Heinrich Hellwege 1955 1959 Partido Alemão
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf 1959 1961 Partido Social-Democrata
Georg Diedrerichs 1961 1970 Partido Social-Democrata
Alfred Kubel 1970 1976 Partido Social-Democrata
Ernst Albrecht 1976 1990 União Democrata-Cristã
Gerhard Schröder 1990 1998 Partido Social-Democrata
Gerhard Glogowski 1998 1999 Partido Social-Democrata
Sigmar Gabriel 1999 2003 Partido Social-Democrata
Christian Wulff 2003 2010 União Democrata-Cristã
David McAllister 2010 2013 União Democrata-Cristã
Stephan Weil 2013 - Partido Social-Democrata

Ligações externas

Commons
Commons
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