Wyciszenie genu

Wyciszenie genu – wyłączenie działania (ekspresji) genu bez jego usuwania z żywego organizmu, różnymi metodami inżynierii genetycznej[1].

Wyciszanie polega na blokadzie transkrypcji lub translacji genu. Najbardziej popularną metodą jest użycie interferującego RNA. Wyciszanie genów stosuje się w badaniach naukowych, gdzie metody te pomagają ustalić, za co dany gen odpowiada. Są też próby użycia ich w terapiach genowych. Obecnie prowadzi się prace nad wyciszeniem genów różnych nowotworów.

Metody wyciszania genów

Interferencja RNA

 Osobny artykuł: Interferencja RNA.

Ważną rolę odgrywa w tej metodzie dwuniciowy RNA (dsRNA), który pocięty jest na krótkie odcinki, zwane siRNA (small interfering RNA). Odcinki te mają długość 20–25 nukleotydów i są komplementarne do określonych fragmentów mRNA. Dwuniciowy fragment RNA musi być dłuższy niż 200 nukleotydów. Następnie fragmenty RNA–siRNA, które w komórce zostały pocięte przez enzym Dicer, łączą się w kompleksy z komponentami białkowymi i tworzą kompleks wyciszający RISC. Kolejnym etapem jest połączenie nici siRNA z fragmentem mRNA; dzieje się to dzięki reakcjom między nukleotydami siRNA a mRNA. Dochodzi do degradacji mRNA i jego rozpadu, a tym samym wyciszenia genu. Zjawisko interferencji zostało odkryte niedawno, jednak jest powszechnie wykorzystywane.

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Gene silencing: new research, Grace W Redberry, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59454-832-1, OCLC 62342749.

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