Toponim

Toponim (z gr. topos = „miejsce, okolica” i onymos = „imię”[1]) – w ogólnym znaczeniu nazwa miejscowa, przykładowo Poznań czy Himalaje. Toponimami zajmuje się dział językoznawstwa zwany toponomastyką. Analiza toponimów może dostarczyć informacji na temat rozwoju danego języka, bądź historii jakiegoś obszaru geograficznego.

Toponim w biologii

Mianem toponimu w biologii określa się epitet gatunkowy lub (rzadziej) nazwę rodzajową pochodzącą od nazwy geograficznej. Zazwyczaj określa on miejsce, gdzie dany gatunek zaobserwowano po raz pierwszy lub gdzie występuje on nagminnie; niekiedy także ogólnikowe określenia, jak Notornis – notos znaczy południe, ornis – ptak (rodzaj nieuznawany, patrz takahe południowy)[1]. Międzynarodowe kodeksy nomenklatury botanicznej i zoologicznej zalecają, by unikać nazw miejscowości, stosując raczej szersze pojęcia, np. nazwy krajów (brasiliensis). Najbardziej typową końcówką toponimu jest -ensis, ale stosowane są także końcówki formy przymiotnikowej: -(a)nus, -inus, -ianus lub -icus, albo rzeczownikowej: -i, -e. Do tej grupy należy zaliczyć również nazwy pochodzące od środowiska, w którym roślina lub zwierzę występuje, np.:

  • montanus – górski;
  • littoralis – nadmorski;
  • campestris – nizinny;
  • fluminensis – nadrzeczny;
  • insularis – wyspowy;
  • saxicola – naskalny;
  • halophilus – słonolubny;
  • ammophilus – piaskolubny.

Przypisy

  1. ↑ a b James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, 2009, s. 28 i 275. ISBN 1-4081-2501-3.

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