Potencjał standardowy

Potencjał standardowy, standardowy potencjał półogniwa, E°siła elektromotoryczna ogniwa zbudowanego z odwracalnego półogniwa badanego, zawierającego jony o jednostkowej aktywności, oraz elektrody wodorowej, której potencjał przyjmuje się za równy 0 V we wszystkich temperaturach, aby było możliwe określenie potencjału badanej elektrody (lewa strona na schematach). Jeśli badana elektroda jest anodą, to jej potencjał jest ujemny, jeśli natomiast jest katodą, to jej potencjał jest dodatni. Potencjał standardowy rozumiany jest również jako wkład elektrody do standardowej siły elektromotorycznej ogniwa.

W ogniwie galwanicznym siła elektromotoryczna ogniwa jest różnicą standardowych potencjałów elektrod, obliczaną ze wzoru:

gdzie:

– potencjał ogniwa,
– potencjał katody,
– potencjał anody.

Poniżej znajdują się stabelaryzowane potencjały standardowe, które umożliwiają obliczenie siły elektromotorycznej dowolnego ogniwa elektrochemicznego oraz powinowactwa chemicznego reakcji, która w nim zachodzi[1][2].

Potencjały standardowe (w temp. 25 °C)

Reakcja połówkowa redukcji E° [V]
H4XeO6+2H+ + 2e → XeO3 + 3H2O +3,0
F2 + 2e → 2F +2,87
O3 + 2H+ + 2e → O2 + H2O +2,07
S2O82− + 2e → 2SO42− +2,05
Ag2+ + e → Ag+ +1,98
Co3+ + e → Co2+ +1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e → 2H2O +1,78
Au+ + e → Au +1,69
Pb4+ + 2e → Pb2+ +1,67
2HClO + 2H+ + 2e → Cl2 + 2H2O +1,63
Ce4+ + e → Ce3+ +1,61
2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e → Br2 + 2H2O +1,60
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O +1,51
Mn3+ + e → Mn2+ +1,51
Au3+ + 3e → Au +1,40
Cl2 + 2e → 2Cl +1,36
Cr2O72− + 14H+ + 6e → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1,33
O3 + H2O + 2e → O2 + 2OH +1,24
O2 + 4H+ + 4e → 2H2O +1,23
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e → Mn2+ + 2H2O +1,23
ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e → ClO3 + H2O +1,23
Pt2+ + 2e → Pt +1,20
Br2 + 2e → 2Br +1,09
Pu4+ + e → Pu3+ +0,97
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e → NO + 2H2O +0,96
2Hg2+ + 2e → Hg22+ +0,92
ClO + H2O + 2e → Cl + 2OH +0,89
Hg2+ + 2e → Hg +0,85
NO3 + 2H+ + e → NO2 + H2O +0,80
Ag+ + e → Ag +0,80
Hg22+ + 2e → 2Hg +0,79
AgF + e → Ag + F +0,78
Fe3+ + e → Fe2+ +0,77
BrO + H2O + 2e → Br + 2OH +0,76
MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e → MnO2 + 4OH +0,60
MnO4 + e → MnO42− +0,56
I2 + 2e → 2I +0,54
I3 + 2e → 3I +0,53
Cu+ + e → Cu +0,52
Ni(OH)3 + e → Ni(OH)2 + OH +0,49
O2 + 2H2O + 4e → 4OH +0,40
ClO4 + H2O + 2e → ClO3 + 2OH +0,36
Cu2+ + 2e → Cu +0,34
Hg2Cl2 + 2e → 2Hg + 2Cl +0,27
AgCl + e → Ag + Cl +0,22
Bi3+ + 3e → Bi +0,20
SO42− + 4H+ + 2e → H2SO3 + H2O +0,17
Cu2+ + e → Cu+ +0,15
Sn4+ + 2e → Sn2+ +0,15
AgBr + e → Ag + Br +0,07
NO3 + H2O + 2e → NO2 + 2OH +0,01
Ti4+ + e → Ti3+ +0,00
2H+ + 2e → H2 0, z definicji
Fe3+ + 3e → Fe −0,04
O2 + H2O + 2e → HO2 + OH −0,08
Pb2+ + 2e → Pb −0,13
In+ + e → In −0,14
Sn2+ + 2e → Sn −0,14
AgI + e → Ag + I −0,15
Ni2+ + 2e → Ni −0,25
V3+ + e → V2+ −0,26
Co2+ + 2e → Co −0,28
In3+ + 3e → In −0,34
Tl+ + e → Tl −0,34
PbSO4 + 2e → Pb + SO42− −0,36
Ti3+ + e → Ti2+ −0,37
In2+ + e → In+ −0,40
Cd2+ + 2e → Cd −0,40
Cr3+ + e → Cr2+ −0,41
Fe2+ + 2e → Fe −0,44
In3+ + 2e → In+ −0,44
S + 2e → S2− −0,48
In3+ + e → In2+ −0,49
Ga+ + e → Ga −0,53
O2 + e → O2 −0,56
U4+ + e → U3+ −0,61
Se + 2e → Se2− −0,67
Cr3+ + 3e → Cr −0,74
Zn2+ + 2e → Zn −0,76
Cd(OH)2 + 2e → Cd + 2OH −0,81
2H2O + 2e → H2 + 2OH −0,83
Te + 2e → Te2− −0,84
Cr2+ + 2e → Cr −0,91
Mn2+ + 2e → Mn −1,18
V2+ + 2e → V −1,19
Ti2+ + 2e → Ti −1,63
Al3+ + 3e → Al −1,66
U3+ + 3e → U −1,79
Be2+ + 2e → Be −1,85
Mg2+ + 2e → Mg −2,36
Ce3+ + 3e → Ce −2,48
La3+ + 3e → La −2,52
Na+ + e → Na −2,71
Ca2+ + 2e → Ca −2,87
Sr2+ + 2e → Sr −2,89
Ba2+ + 2e → Ba −2,91
Ra2+ + 2e → Ra −2,92
Cs+ + e → Cs −2,92
Rb+ + e → Rb −2,93
K+ + e → K −2,93
Li+ + e → Li −3,05

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Loretta Jones, Peter Atkins, Chemia ogólna. Cząsteczki, materia, reakcje. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2004.
  2. Peter William Atkins, Podstawy chemii fizycznej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1999.

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